{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:08:13Z","timestamp":1780463293743,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS) is common in young and middle-aged men, but existing animal models have key limitations. We aimed to establish a C57BL\/6N mice model for mechanistic studies of CP\/CPPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We immunized C57BL\/6N mice with prostate antigen plus complete Freund\u2019s adjuvant and added DPT, BCG, or DPT+BCG according to group assignment. Von Frey testing, ELISA, flow cytometry, HE staining, and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess pain, cytokines, immune cells, and prostate pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key findings and limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PAg+CFA+DPT+BCG booster immunization induced the strongest pain-related phenotype, increased IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 levels, reduced IL-10, aggravated prostatic inflammation, and increased NLRP3, COX-2, NF-\u03baB, and Caspase-1 expression compared with the NC group. Compared with either monotherapy, the PAg+CFA+DPT+BCG group showed stronger inflammatory and pain-related phenotypes across most readouts. Limitation: The model does not fully replicate human CP\/CPPS heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We established a C57BL\/6N mice model with CP\/CPPS-like inflammatory and pain-related features and found that DPT+BCG co-administration produced the strongest phenotype. Its compatibility with transgenic mice may facilitate mechanistic studies and preclinical hypothesis testing in CP\/CPPS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we established a prostatitis-like model in C57BL\/6N mice. Booster immunization with DPT+BCG induced inflammatory and pain-related changes, providing a useful model for future mechanistic studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1779951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:47:39Z","timestamp":1780462059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A C57BL\/6N mice model of CP\/CPPS established by prostate antigen immunization with DPT and BCG co-administration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiding","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feixiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangsheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaozhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Urological and Andrological Diseases Research and Medical Transformation, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284251379493","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture for chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized trial","volume":"174","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13101","article-title":"Diagnosis 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