{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T09:06:51Z","timestamp":1780650411907,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib combined with programmed cell death protein 1\/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1\/PD-L1) inhibitors in the treatment of malignant solid tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and single-arm studies comparing anlotinib combined with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors (combination group) against other therapies (control group) for the treatment of malignant solid tumors. The search period spanned from the inception of each database to November 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>26 studies involving 3,263 patients were identified. The Objective Response Rate (ORR) in the combination group was 57% (95% CI: 47%-67%), with a Disease Control Rate (DCR) of 90% (95% CI: 84%-93%). The incidence of adverse reactions included fatigue (RR = 1.196, 95% CI: 1.024-1.396) and hypoalbuminemia (RR = 1.336, 95% CI: 1.121-1.593). Compared with the control group, the combination group significantly improved ORR in malignant solid tumors (RR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.29-2.25, P \u2264 0.0001), DCR (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.14, P = 0.009), Overall Survival (OS) (HR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.54-0.76, P \u2264 0.001), and Progression Free Survival (PFS) (HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.39-0.59, P \u2264 0.001). The incidence of hypoalbuminemia was higher in the combination group than in the control group. Results from a network meta-analysis indicated superior efficacy for the combination of anlotinib and TQB2450.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anlotinib combined with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors demonstrates significant efficacy in treating multiple tumor types. The combination of anlotinib and TQB2450 offers advantages, but attention should be paid to the occurrence of hypoproteinemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1780636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:00:42Z","timestamp":1774368042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and safety of anlotinib combined with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors in malignant solid tumors: a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China","place":["Qingdao, China"]},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences","place":["Qingdao, 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