{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:24:06Z","timestamp":1793744646437,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances have furthered our understanding of the role of the tumor draining lymph node (TDLN) in the immune response to thoracic malignancies. This review synthesizes the rapidly expanding evidence that tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) are not passive conduits of metastasis but dynamic immunologic organs that shape anti-tumor immunity in non\u2013small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Across cytokine, cellular, genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic domains, the TDLN microenvironment becomes progressively remodeled towards immune suppression. These changes influence tumor growth and early metastasis, and may dictate responsiveness to various treatment modalities. The TDLN is also a practical and clinically relevant site for biomarker discovery and therapeutic innovation as a target of drug delivery and immunomodulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1781682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:38:01Z","timestamp":1776922681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tumor draining lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer: underrecognized role in biomarker discovery and therapeutic innovation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Bain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"NYU Pulmonary Oncology Research Team (NYU PORT), New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"DeMaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"NYU Pulmonary Oncology Research Team (NYU PORT), New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Pulmonary Oncology Research Team (NYU PORT), New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jackson Health System","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Chieh J.","family":"Tsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"NYU Pulmonary Oncology Research Team (NYU PORT), New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Sterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"NYU Pulmonary Oncology Research Team (NYU PORT), New York University Grossman School of Medicine","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197105)27:5<1001::aid-cncr2820270502>3.0.co;2-u","article-title":"Studies concerning the regional lymph node in cancer. I. Initiation of immunity","volume":"27","author":"Fisher","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70201-8","article-title":"The \"seed and soil\" hypothesis revisited","volume":"9","author":"Fidler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1919","article-title":"Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes","volume":"6","author":"Cochran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"AJCC Cancer Staging System: Lung-Version 9","volume-title":"American College of Surgeons","author":"Asamura","year":"2024"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.02.008","article-title":"Setting the stage: an anatomist's view of the immune system","volume":"25","author":"Crivellato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3298","article-title":"HEVs, lymphatics and homeostatic immune cell trafficking in lymph nodes","volume":"12","author":"Girard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1","article-title":"The normal lymph node","volume-title":"Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology","author":"Ioachim","year":""},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.11.003","article-title":"Stromal infrastructure of the lymph node and coordination of immunity","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0144-6","article-title":"Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Sautes-Fridman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.0284","article-title":"Long-term survival for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with intratumoral lymphoid structures","volume":"26","author":"Dieu-Nosjean","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005539","article-title":"Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) maturation is influenced by draining lymph nodes of lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00444.x","article-title":"The tumor-draining lymph node as an immune-privileged site","volume":"213","author":"Munn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.01.008","article-title":"The lymph node microenvironment and its role in the progression of metastatic cancer","volume":"38","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2011.01.002","article-title":"The secreted factors responsible for pre-metastatic niche formation: old sayings and new thoughts","volume":"21","author":"Peinado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-015-1351-6","article-title":"The lymph node pre-metastatic niche","volume":"93","author":"Sleeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2977","article-title":"Preparing the \"soil\": the primary tumor induces vasculature reorganization in the sentinel lymph node before the arrival of metastatic cancer cells","volume":"66","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-4455","article-title":"Exosomes released by melanoma cells prepare sentinel lymph nodes for tumor metastasis","volume":"71","author":"Hood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880358","article-title":"Sentinel lymph nodes show profound downregulation of antigen-presenting cells of the paracortex: implications for tumor biology and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Cochran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2005.01371.x","article-title":"Dendritic cell dysfunction in cancer: a mechanism for immunosuppression","volume":"83","author":"Pinzon-Charry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-31-3","article-title":"Inhibition of dendritic cell migration by transforming growth factor-beta1 increases tumor-draining lymph node metastasis","volume":"31","author":"Imai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1562797","article-title":"Immune microenvironment of tumor-draining lymph nodes: insights for immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.04.008","article-title":"Tumor-draining lymph nodes - friend or foe during immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"11","author":"von Renesse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19881215)62:12<2489::aid-cncr2820621207>3.0.co;2-j","article-title":"Different immune functions of peripheral blood, regional lymph node, and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in lung cancer patients","volume":"62","author":"Nakamura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002620050523","article-title":"Antitumor response of regional lymph node lymphocytes in human lung cancer","volume":"47","author":"Takenoyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-023-00873-y","article-title":"Immune characteristics associated with lymph node metastasis in early-stage NSCLC","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Oncol (Dordr)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000630","article-title":"The 2015 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors: impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification","volume":"10","author":"Travis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70975-5","article-title":"Immunobiology of the sentinel lymph node and its potential role for antitumour immunity","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Tumor metastases in lymph nodes","volume-title":"Ioachim's lymph node pathology","author":"Ioachim","year":"2008"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00347","article-title":"Lymph node subcapsular sinus macrophages as the frontline of lymphatic immune defense","volume":"10","author":"Louie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.02.022","article-title":"Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Hanahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3662","article-title":"Lymph node blood vessels provide exit routes for metastatic tumor cell dissemination in mice","volume":"359","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3622","article-title":"Lymph node metastases can invade local blood vessels, exit the node, and colonize distant organs in mice","volume":"359","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.05.36","article-title":"Incidence and clinical relevance of non-small cell lung cancer lymph node micro-metastasis detected by staging endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration","volume":"11","author":"Belanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.4543","article-title":"Detection of occult micrometastases in patients with clinical stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: A prospective analysis of mature results of CALGB 9761 (Alliance)","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2010.04.006","article-title":"The presence of isolated tumor cells and micrometastases in the intrathoracic lymph nodes of patients with lung cancer is not associated with decreased survival","volume":"41","author":"Marchevsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.1.19","article-title":"Disseminated tumor cells in lymph nodes as a determinant for survival in surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"17","author":"Kubuschok","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-015-1996-0","article-title":"Drastic morphological and molecular differences between lymph node micrometastatic tumors and macrometastatic tumors of lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"142","author":"Aramaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.101","article-title":"The immune contexture in cancer prognosis and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Fridman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5637","article-title":"Tumor-derived TGFbeta-1 induces dendritic cell apoptosis in the sentinel lymph node","volume":"176","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3885-1","article-title":"Immature myeloid cells and tolerogenic cytokine profile in lung adenocarcinoma metastatic lymph nodes assessed by endobronchial ultrasound","volume":"37","author":"Bugalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.08.011","article-title":"A novel cytokine profile associated with cancer metastasis to mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes identified using fine needle aspiration biopsy - A pilot study","volume":"89","author":"Saeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318265b4df","article-title":"Endobronchial ultrasound doppler image features correlate with mRNA expression of HIF1-alpha and VEGF-C in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2013.06.004","article-title":"Cytokeratin 19, carcinoembryonic antigen, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule detect lung cancer lymph node metastasis in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial aspiration samples","volume":"14","author":"Bugalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00110-2016","article-title":"High PD-1 expression on regulatory and effector T-cells in lung cancer draining lymph nodes","volume":"3","author":"van de Ven","year":"2017","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.08.008","article-title":"Tumor-draining lymph nodes demonstrate a suppressive immunophenotype in patients with non-small cell lung cancer assessed by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: A pilot study","volume":"137","author":"Murthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.19.1.237","article-title":"CD1c+ and CD303+ dendritic cells in peripheral blood, lymph nodes and tumor tissue of patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"19","author":"Tabarkiewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3865","article-title":"The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"15","author":"Swiecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2204745","article-title":"Early response evaluation of PD-1 blockade in NSCLC patients through FDG-PET-CT and T cell profiling of tumor-draining lymph nodes","volume":"12","author":"Borm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31820b80ca","article-title":"Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and natural killer cells distinctly infiltrate primary tumors and draining lymph nodes in pulmonary adenocarcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5185034","article-title":"Elevated foxp3\/CD8 ratio in lung adenocarcinoma metastatic lymph nodes resected by transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy","volume":"2017","author":"Domagala-Kulawik","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5273","article-title":"Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells as a potent suppressor of tumor immunity in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Pogoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03101","article-title":"Immune cell composition in human non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Stankovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616288","article-title":"Tracking the evolution of non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"376","author":"Jamal-Hanjani","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0089","article-title":"EGFR\/KRAS\/BRAF mutations in primary lung adenocarcinomas and corresponding locoregional lymph node metastases","volume":"15","author":"Schmid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181a94af4","article-title":"Discordance of molecular biomarkers associated with epidermal growth factor receptor pathway between primary tumors and lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20254","article-title":"Concordance of programmed death-ligand 1 expression between primary and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer by immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.4427","article-title":"Clinical and molecular characteristics associated with survival among patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors for advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.2500","article-title":"Occult metastases in lymph nodes predict survival in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: report of the ACOSOG Z0040 trial","volume":"29","author":"Rusch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.09.004","article-title":"Ribonucleic acid microarray analysis from lymph node samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasonography-guided transbronchial needle aspiration","volume":"94","author":"Nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-0873","article-title":"Molecular evolution patterns in metastatic lymph nodes reflect the differential treatment response of advanced primary lung cancer","volume":"76","author":"Um","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16164-1","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrates the molecular and cellular reprogramming of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1637625","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals the heterogeneity of epithelial cells in lung adenocarcinoma lymph node metastasis and develops a prognostic signature","volume":"16","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91190","article-title":"IFN-gamma-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade","volume":"127","author":"Ayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0664-6","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of targeting tryptophan catabolism in cancer","volume":"122","author":"Opitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3466","article-title":"Immunometabolism of regulatory T cells","volume":"17","author":"Newton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21583","article-title":"Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes","volume":"114","author":"Munn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31911","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"117","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00909-0","article-title":"Reprogramming of glutamine metabolism and its impact on immune response in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1728698","article-title":"Mechanistic study of glutamine metabolic reprogramming driving non-small cell lung cancer progression via the FGF17-FGFR4 axis mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.114791","article-title":"Lung cancer cell-intrinsic asparagine synthetase potentiates anti-tumor immunity via modulating immunogenicity and facilitating immune remodeling in metastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03446-1","article-title":"Metabolomic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment by dual arginase inhibitor OATD-02 boosts anticancer immunity","volume":"15","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2017.08.002","article-title":"Diagnosis of lung tumor types based on metabolomic profiles in lymph node aspirates","volume":"14","author":"Sappington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res Commun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124507","article-title":"Tumor-draining lymph nodes are pivotal in PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint therapy","volume":"3","author":"Fransen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132286","article-title":"Multipanel mass cytometry reveals anti-PD-1 therapy-mediated B and T cell compartment remodeling in tumor-draining lymph nodes","volume":"5","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104265","article-title":"Multi-scale characterization of tumor-draining lymph nodes in resectable lung cancer treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000867","article-title":"Tumor-draining lymph node is important for a robust abscopal effect stimulated by radiotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Buchwald","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49873-y","article-title":"Delayed tumor-draining lymph node irradiation preserves the efficacy of combined radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade in models of metastatic disease","volume":"15","author":"Telarovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1269166","article-title":"Immune changes in hilar tumor draining lymph nodes following node sparing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy of localized cN0 non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Khalifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-013237","article-title":"Immune-modulating effects on tumor-draining lymph nodes of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with dual immunotherapy in patients with T3-4N0\u20132 NSCLC","volume":"13","author":"Ulas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/03008916211064643","article-title":"Mediastinal lymph node removal ameliorates cytotoxic T-lymphocyte functions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"109","author":"Engin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-023-09410-3","article-title":"Mediastinal lymph node removal modulates natural killer cell exhaustion in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"71","author":"Cikman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1203539","article-title":"Cryoablation and immunity in non-small cell lung cancer: a new era of cryo-immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Velez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2025.100849","article-title":"A phase I dose-escalation clinical trial of bronchoscopic cryoimmunotherapy in advanced-stage NSCLC","volume":"6","author":"Tsay","year":"2025","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0110-7","article-title":"Material design for lymph node drug delivery","volume":"4","author":"Schudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54877-9","article-title":"Intratumoral delivery of lipid nanoparticle-formulated mRNA encoding IL-21, IL-7, and 4-1BBL induces systemic anti-tumor immunity","volume":"15","author":"Hamouda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020178","article-title":"In situ tumor vaccination using lipid nanoparticles to deliver interferon-beta mRNA cargo","volume":"13","author":"Kimura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20843","article-title":"A pilot clinical trial of vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor cells derived from malignant pleural effusion in patients with late-stage lung carcinoma","volume":"103","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-018-2180-6","article-title":"Randomized controlled phase III trial of adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy with activated cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells from regional lymph nodes of patients with lung cancer","volume":"67","author":"Kimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-014-1613-0","article-title":"Randomized controlled phase III trial of adjuvant chemo-immunotherapy with activated killer T cells and dendritic cells in patients with resected primary lung cancer","volume":"64","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B90","unstructured":"CAN-2409 plus prodrug with standard of care immune checkpoint inhibitor for stage III\/IV NSCLC patients"},{"key":"B91","unstructured":"Phase 1 study of intratumoral administration of JNJ-87704916, an oncolytic virus, as monotherapy and in combination for advanced solid tumors"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"Phase I study of reirradiation with NBTXR3 for inoperable locoregional recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1781682\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:38:05Z","timestamp":1776922685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1781682\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1781682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1781682","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"article-number":"1781682"}}