{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:32:53Z","timestamp":1773815573128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Malaria control is challenged by parasite drug resistance and inadequate vaccine protection. Although mosquito gut microbes regulate\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    development, integrated analyses of microbiota-\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    -host interactions are lacking. Innate immunity imbalance is the primary driver of disease pathogenesis. This review proposes a unified \u201cmicrobiota-barrier-innate immunity\u201d axis hypothesis. Under physiological conditions, gut microbiota modulates host innate immunity via metabolites and maintains barrier integrity. However,\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection disrupts this axis, causing microbiota imbalance, metabolic derangement, intestinal barrier leakage. The ensuing innate immune dysfunction exacerbates the pathology of malaria. Based on this, we constructed a hierarchical three-tier foundational-targeted-precision intervention pyramid tailored to diverse settings, particularly African regions, with endogenous and technological feasibility. This framework, progressing from foundational nutritional regulation and targeted microbial intervention to precision bioengineering, provides an implementable malaria control strategy for resource-limited African areas, addressing drug resistance and vaccine shortages. It offers a translatable eco-immunological approach to accelerate global malaria elimination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1782402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:38:01Z","timestamp":1773812281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reinventing malaria control: hierarchical intervention strategies for African settings based on the microbiota-barrier-innate immunity axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengkao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanwei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101073","article-title":"WHO world malaria report 2024","volume":"6","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet 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