{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T06:30:58Z","timestamp":1775025058191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a serious disorder that arises when a mother produces alloantibodies against specific human platelet antigens (HPAs) expressed on fetal platelets. These maternal alloantibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal platelets, significantly increasing the risk of fetal or neonatal intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Indeed, FNAIT is the leading cause of isolated severe thrombocytopenia in otherwise healthy neonates. In this review, we summarize recent advances to provide obstetricians and maternal-fetal medicine specialists with an updated overview of FNAIT, encompassing its pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic strategies, antenatal management, delivery planning, and postnatal care. Although the prophylactic interventions remain at an early stage, HPA histo-incompatibility prescreening is already available at a suitable cost, and the development of NAITgam, a targeted immunoglobulin preparation, represents a promising advance. While the widespread implementation of screening and prophylaxis may take years, such measures have the potential to significantly reduce the incidence and severity of FNAIT. Currently, the antenatal administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), with or without corticosteroids, remains the safest and most effective treatment for high-risk pregnancies. Looking ahead, animal model data continue to provide valuable insights that may inform the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Ultimately, the implementation of a national screening program could prevent severe complications and help mitigate the long-term societal and healthcare burden of FNAIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:30:00Z","timestamp":1775017800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["New perspectives on fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia for obstetricians"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinwe Oluchi-Amaka","family":"Ibeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Kwak-Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77820","article-title":"Maternal anti-platelet \u03b23 integrins impair angiogenesis and cause intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"125","author":"Yougbar\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13550","article-title":"Severe bleeding complications other than intracranial hemorrhage in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Winkelhorst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2021.2023915","article-title":"Suppression of in vitro megakaryopoiesis by maternal sera containing anti-HPA-1a antibodies","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(25)00029-8","article-title":"Rising to the challenge: an international Delphi consensus study on fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"12","author":"Pothof","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Hematol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14294","article-title":"Investigations for fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: communication from the SSC of the ISTH","volume":"16","author":"Petermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12450","article-title":"Low-frequency human platelet antigens as triggers for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"54","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18173","article-title":"Anti-human platelet antigen-5b antibodies and fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia; incidental association or cause and effect","volume":"198","author":"Alm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01832.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa, beta 3 integrin) on placental syncytiotrophoblast microvilli: implications for platelet alloimmunization during pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"Kumpel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-09-178475","article-title":"T-cell responses associated with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: isolation of HPA-1a-specific, HLA-DRB3*0101-restricted CD4+ T cells","volume":"113","author":"Ahlen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0801473","article-title":"Evidence for the specificity for platelet HPA-1a alloepitope and the presenting HLA-DR52a of diverse antigen-specific helper T cell clones from alloimmunized mothers","volume":"183","author":"Rayment","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2450\/2012.0095-11","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of human platelet antigens-1 to -6, and -15 in the Malaysian population","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3148.2004.00535.x","article-title":"The natural history of maternal immunization against fetal platelet alloantigens","volume":"14","author":"Ohto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.03.011","article-title":"Intracranial hemorrhage in alloimmune thrombocytopenia: stratified management to prevent recurrence in the subsequent affected fetus","volume":"203","author":"Bussel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2007.08.001","article-title":"Neonatal outcome in alloimmune thrombocytopenia after maternal treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"13","author":"Van Der Lugt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"77","article-title":"Research progress in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a narrative review","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002490","article-title":"Fetal intracranial hemorrhages caused by fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: an observational cohort study of 43 cases from an international multicenter registry","volume":"3","author":"Tiller","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3320","article-title":"Incidence and consequences of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review","volume":"133","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000488280","article-title":"Perinatal outcome and long-term neurodevelopment after intracranial hemorrhage due to fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"45","author":"Winkelhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.20112","article-title":"Fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: Mothers are affected too","volume":"206","author":"McFarland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-739656","article-title":"Antenatal management in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Winkelhorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0360-7","article-title":"Postnatal intervention for the treatment of FNAIT: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2007.09.002","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: progress and ongoing debates","volume":"22","author":"Bussel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12085","article-title":"Human platelet antigens - 2013","volume":"106","author":"Curtis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12622","article-title":"Genetic landscape of human platelet antigen variants in the Indian population analyzed from 1029 whole genomes","volume":"50","author":"Rophina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Immunogenet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijwh.s90753","article-title":"Current perspectives on fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia - increasing clinical concerns and new treatment opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Tiller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.004","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"21","author":"Zdravic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.102704","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"59","author":"de Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106976","article-title":"Normal development of human fetal hematopoiesis between eight and seventeen weeks' gestation","volume":"183","author":"Pahal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135906","article-title":"Materno-fetal immunoglobulin transfer and passive immunity during the first trimester of human pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Jauniaux","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(03)00334-7","article-title":"Placental transport of immunoglobulin G","volume":"21","author":"Simister","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12649","article-title":"Low-dose prednisone and immunoglobulin G treatment for woman at risk for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and T helper 1 immunity","volume":"77","author":"Skariah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"Fetal\/neonatal alloimmune-mediated thrombocytopenia and recurrent pregnancy loss","volume-title":"Immunology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Implantation Failure","author":"won Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-08-040121","article-title":"A screening and intervention program aimed to reduce mortality and serious morbidity associated with severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"110","author":"Kjeldsen-Kragh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019032227","article-title":"HLA-DRB3*01:01 exhibits a dose-dependent impact on HPA-1a antibody levels in HPA-1a-immunized women","volume":"3","author":"Kjeldsen-Kragh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/th13-04-0354","article-title":"Co-stimulation with LPS or Poly I:C markedly enhances the anti-platelet immune response and severity of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1998.tb05441.x","article-title":"Clinical aspects and typing of platelet alloantigens","volume":"74","author":"Kroll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2009.08.008","article-title":"Antiplatelet antibodies in chronic immune thrombocytopenia and their role in platelet destruction and defective platelet production","volume":"23","author":"McMillan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000462848","article-title":"Alloimmunization against Iy, a low-frequency antigen on platelet glycoprotein Ib\/IX as a cause of severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"69","author":"Kiefel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000461778","article-title":"Neonatal alloimmune amegakaryocytosis. Case report","volume":"54","author":"Bizzaro","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-09-527978","article-title":"A prominent lack of IgG1-Fc fucosylation of platelet alloantibodies in pregnancy","volume":"123","author":"Kapur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14053","article-title":"Glycosylation pattern of anti-platelet IgG is stable during pregnancy and predicts clinical outcome in alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"174","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-11-468561","article-title":"Inhibition of HPA-1a alloantibody-mediated platelet destruction by a deglycosylated anti-HPA-1a monoclonal antibody in mice: toward targeted treatment of fetal-alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"122","author":"Bakchoul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/th05-03-0159","article-title":"Functional heterogeneity of alloantibodies against the human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a","volume":"94","author":"Kroll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.12.017","article-title":"Adding to the complexity of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: Reduced fibrinogen binding in the presence of anti-HPA-1a antibody and hypo-responsive neonatal platelets","volume":"162","author":"Refsum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/th03-07-0484","article-title":"The effect of recombinant IgG antibodies against the leucine-33 form of the platelet beta3 integrin (HPA-1a) on platelet function","volume":"91","author":"Joutsi-Korhonen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.116.307281","article-title":"Antiendothelial \u03b1v\u03b23 antibodies are a major cause of intracranial bleeding in fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"36","author":"Santoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806205115","article-title":"Autonomous conformational regulation of \u03b2(3) integrin and the conformation-dependent property of HPA-1a alloantibodies","volume":"115","author":"Thinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2956","article-title":"Platelets and the immune continuum","volume":"11","author":"Semple","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279751","article-title":"Antiplatelet antibody predicts platelet desialylation and apoptosis in immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"107","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematologica"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-579110","article-title":"C-reactive protein enhances IgG-mediated phagocyte responses and thrombocytopenia","volume":"125","author":"Kapur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.594773","article-title":"C-reactive protein enhances IgG-mediated cellular destruction through IgG-Fc receptors in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Temming","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.056770","article-title":"Anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies","volume":"122","author":"Byron","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2017.09.007","article-title":"The therapeutic antibody LM609 selectively inhibits ligand binding to human \u03b1(V)\u03b2(3) integrin via steric hindrance","volume":"25","author":"Borst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation.v2012.1.450.3798660","article-title":"The conundrum of neonatal coagulopathy","volume":"2012","author":"Revel-Vilk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.87","article-title":"Neonatal platelets: mediators of primary hemostasis in the developing hemostatic system","volume":"76","author":"Haley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.102704","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"58","author":"Winkelhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.10.009","article-title":"Placental histological lesions in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: A retrospective cohort study of 21 cases","volume":"48","author":"Dubruc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.043","article-title":"Chronic villitis in untreated neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: an etiology for severe early intrauterine growth restriction and the effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy","volume":"193","author":"Althaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2350\/12-08-1246-cr.1","article-title":"Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia associated with massive chronic intervillositis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Tchakarov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-017-0245-6","article-title":"Anti-human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a antibodies may affect trophoblast functions crucial for placental development: a laboratory study using an in vitro model","volume":"15","author":"Eksteen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136763","article-title":"Placental complement activation in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: An observational study","volume":"22","author":"de Vos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13343","article-title":"True risk of fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in subsequent pregnancies: a prospective observational follow-up study","volume":"123","author":"Tiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000515703","article-title":"Maternal anti-HPA-1a antibodies increase endothelial cell apoptosis and permeability","volume":"58","author":"Dardik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2016.07.008","article-title":"\u03b1v\u03b23 integrin and tumor blood vessels-learning from the past to shape the future","volume":"42","author":"Demircioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.87","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of endothelial VEGF receptor signaling","volume":"17","author":"Simons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-021-09788-4","article-title":"The endosomal RIN2\/Rab5C machinery prevents VEGFR2 degradation to control gene expression and tip cell identity during angiogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Kempers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00269-1","article-title":"Activated NK cells cause placental dysfunction and miscarriages in fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"8","author":"Yougbar\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.05.001","article-title":"Alloimmune thrombocytopenia: state of the art 2006","volume":"195","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13102","article-title":"Noninvasive fetal genotyping of human platelet antigen-1a using targeted massively parallel sequencing","volume":"55","author":"Wienzek-Lischka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13274","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: predictive factors of intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"56","author":"Delbos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.2003.00302.x","article-title":"Will it ever be possible to balance the risk of intracranial hemorrhage in fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia against the risk of treatment strategies to prevent it","volume":"84","author":"Radder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(89)91733-9","article-title":"348 cases of suspected neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"1","author":"Mueller-Eckhardt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-013-0902-3","article-title":"Elevated lipoprotein(a) levels and homozygous human platelet antigen 1b (HPA-1b) genotype are risk factors for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)","volume":"37","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.004","article-title":"Platelets and platelet alloantigens: Lessons from human patients and animal models of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"2","author":"Vadasz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01269.x","article-title":"Platelet antibodies and fetal growth: maternal antibodies against fetal platelet antigen 1a are strongly associated with reduced birthweight in boys","volume":"91","author":"Tiller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2015.10.003","article-title":"Maternal anti-HLA class I antibodies are associated with reduced birth weight in thrombocytopenic neonates","volume":"113","author":"Dahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1448.017","article-title":"Phenotype and mRNA expression of syncytiotrophoblast microparticles isolated from human placenta","volume":"1137","author":"Kumpel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.07.291","article-title":"Platelet alloimmunization is associated with low grade chronic histiocytic intervillositis - A new link to a rare placental lesion","volume":"112","author":"Nedberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19009","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: No evidence of systemic inflammation as a modulator of disease severity. Could placental inflammation be key","volume":"203","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015666","article-title":"Prophylactic administration of HPA-1a-specific antibodies prevents fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in mice","volume":"140","author":"Zhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(23)00271-5","article-title":"Natural history of human platelet antigen 1a-alloimmunised pregnancies: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"10","author":"de Vos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.104168","article-title":"What's with the boys? Lower birth weight in boys from HPA-1a alloimmunized pregnancies - New insights from a large prospective screening study in Poland","volume":"160","author":"Coucheron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci57850","article-title":"The maternal immune response to fetal platelet GPIb\u03b1 causes frequent miscarriage in mice that can be prevented by intravenous IgG and anti-FcRn therapies","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03480.x","article-title":"Toward a prophylaxis against fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: induction of antibody-mediated immune suppression and prevention of severe clinical complications in a murine model","volume":"52","author":"Tiller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.04026.x","article-title":"Human platelet antigen-specific alloantibodies implicated in 1162 cases of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"44","author":"Davoren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-302463","article-title":"Prediction of the fetal status in noninvasive management of alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"117","author":"Bertrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.02068.x","article-title":"Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in Norway: poor detection rate with nonscreening versus a general screening program","volume":"116","author":"Tiller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000487303","article-title":"Management and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies with fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a single-center retrospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Ronzoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2779","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: prenatal interventions","volume":"31","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.102711","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia - The Norwegian management model","volume":"59","author":"Tiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2008.01140.x","article-title":"Application of bead array technology to simultaneous detection of human leucocyte antigen and human platelet antigen antibodies","volume":"96","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12509","article-title":"A new bead-based human platelet antigen antibodies detection assay versus the monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens assay","volume":"54","author":"Porcelijn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.02065.x","article-title":"Low-avidity HPA-1a alloantibodies in severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia are detectable with surface plasmon resonance technology","volume":"49","author":"Socher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12051","article-title":"The implementation of surface plasmon resonance technique in monitoring pregnancies with expected fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"53","author":"Bakchoul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1225603","article-title":"Cellular surface plasmon resonance-based detection of anti-HPA-1a antibody glycosylation in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"14","author":"Szittner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.06.003","article-title":"Unraveling the role of maternal anti-HLA class I antibodies in fetal and neonatal thrombocytopenia-antibody specificity analysis using epitope data","volume":"122","author":"Dahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01531.x","article-title":"Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia associated with maternal-fetal incompatibility for blood group B","volume":"48","author":"Curtis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-96348-3_4","article-title":"Predictive value of sequential maternal anti-HPA-1a antibody concentrations for the severity of fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"4","author":"Bertrand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2006.00809.x","article-title":"Delayed detectability of anti-HPA-3a by the MAIPA assay in a severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, but successful transfusion of incompatible donor platelets: a case report","volume":"91","author":"Schallmoser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14092","article-title":"Simultaneous human platelet antigen genotyping and detection of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms by targeted next-generation sequencing","volume":"57","author":"Davey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(84)90614-7","article-title":"Prenatal treatment of alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"2","author":"Daffos","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08540.x","article-title":"The incidence and outcomes of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a UK national study using three data sources","volume":"152","author":"Knight","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3148.1999.00216.x","article-title":"Prenatal treatment of severe fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"9","author":"Sainio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.04.033","article-title":"Omission of fetal sampling in treatment of subsequent pregnancies in fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"215","author":"Lakkaraja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.122140","article-title":"Serial aggressive platelet transfusion for fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: platelet dynamics and perinatal outcome","volume":"186","author":"Overton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd004226","article-title":"Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"2011","author":"Rayment","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15813","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: recommendations for evidence-based practice, an international approach","volume":"185","author":"Lieberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.05.007","article-title":"Follow up of children after antenatal treatment for alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"80","author":"Radder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2562","article-title":"A novel murine model of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: response to intravenous IgG therapy","volume":"107","author":"Ni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05618-y","article-title":"Non-invasive risk-assessment and bleeding prophylaxis with IVIG in pregnant women with a history of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: management to minimize adverse events","volume":"302","author":"Wienzek-Lischka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.04.044","article-title":"Antenatal intravenous immunoglobulins in pregnancies at risk of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: comparison of neonatal outcome in treated and nontreated pregnancies","volume":"227","author":"Ernstsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.04.211","article-title":"New developments in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"225","author":"Bussel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2017.1346471","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: evidence based antenatal and postnatal management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Winkelhorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13712","article-title":"Lower-dose intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000380907","article-title":"Low-dose versus standard-dose intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent fetal intracranial hemorrhage in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a randomized trial","volume":"38","author":"Paridaans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aog.0000270302.80336.dd","article-title":"Antepartum treatment without early cordocentesis for standard-risk alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2016.12.017","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"56","author":"Chaigne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0887-7963(03)00038-5","article-title":"Risks associated with the use of intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"17","author":"Pierce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx039","article-title":"IVIG-mediated effector functions in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"29","author":"Galeotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.03.018","article-title":"IVIG in autoimmune disease - Potential next generation biologics","volume":"15","author":"Zuercher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3401","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: how does IgG modulate the immune system","volume":"13","author":"Schwab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.4.367","article-title":"The therapeutic uses of intravenous immunoglobulins in autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Pyne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2006.08.011","article-title":"Safety of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy","volume":"6","author":"Katz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01721.x","article-title":"Hemolytic transfusion reactions after administration of intravenous immune (gamma) globulin: a case series analysis","volume":"48","author":"Daw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2011.11.004","article-title":"Hemolysis upon intravenous immunoglobulin transfusion","volume":"46","author":"Padmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2005.00670.x","article-title":"Changes in intravenous immunoglobulin prescribing patterns during a period of severe product shortages, 1995-2000","volume":"89","author":"Pendergrast","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.04540709","article-title":"Acute hemolysis after high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in highly HLA sensitized patients","volume":"4","author":"Kahwaji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2006.03.003","article-title":"Acute hemolysis in a patient with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)","volume":"12","author":"Coghill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.02.002","article-title":"The immunologic profile of infants born after maternal immunoglobulin treatment and intrauterine platelet transfusions for fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"191","author":"Radder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-954958","article-title":"Long-term effects of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and its antenatal treatment on the medical and developmental outcomes of affected children","volume":"23","author":"Ward","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aog.0000192404.25780.68","article-title":"Parallel randomized trials of risk-based therapy for fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"107","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(96)70582-3","article-title":"Antenatal management of alloimmune thrombocytopenia with intravenous gamma-globulin: a randomized trial of the addition of low-dose steroid to intravenous gamma-globulin","volume":"174","author":"Bussel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1063607","article-title":"Effects of antepartum therapy for fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia on maternal lifestyle","volume":"29","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-284919","article-title":"Animal model of fetal and neonatal immune thrombocytopenia: role of neonatal Fc receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018023341","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of the polyclonal immune response to the human platelet alloantigen HPA-1a (Pl(A1))","volume":"2","author":"Zhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2024.111172","article-title":"Antigen-specific immunotherapy for platelet alloimmune disorders","volume":"85","author":"Newman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2023.283874","article-title":"GPIb\u03b1 CAAR T cells function like a Trojan horse to eliminate autoreactive B cells to treat immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematologica"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0b013e318242a11d","article-title":"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to antihuman platelet antigen maternal antibodies","volume":"119","author":"Altarescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12842","article-title":"Old tools revisited give hope - new treatment option for families with a history of severe FNAIT complications","volume":"95","author":"Tiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02657.x","article-title":"Screening in pregnancy for fetal or neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00993.x","article-title":"Vaginal delivery for fetuses at risk of alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"113","author":"van den Akker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-04-569541","article-title":"Prediction of IVIG treatment efficiency in fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"124","author":"Bertrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01208.x","article-title":"Management and outcome of 200 cases of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"47","author":"Ghevaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31823403f4","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a management algorithm based on risk stratification","volume":"118","author":"Pacheco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000899","article-title":"Preterm neonates benefit from low prophylactic platelet transfusion threshold despite varying risk of bleeding or death","volume":"134","author":"Fustolo-Gunnink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14233","article-title":"Guidelines on transfusion for fetuses, neonates and older children","volume":"175","author":"New","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2850","article-title":"Platelet transfusion practices among neonatologists in the United States and Canada: results of a survey","volume":"123","author":"Josephson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2008.03.004","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in the neonate","volume":"22","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.89.2.f101","article-title":"Neonatal transfusion practice","volume":"89","author":"Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358481","article-title":"Platelets for neonatal transfusion - study 2: a randomized controlled trial to compare two different platelet count thresholds for prophylactic platelet transfusion to preterm neonates","volume":"106","author":"Curley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1807320","article-title":"Randomized trial of platelet-transfusion thresholds in neonates","volume":"380","author":"Curley","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2018.10.001","article-title":"Are thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusions associated with major bleeding in preterm neonates? A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Fustolo-Gunnink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01486.x","article-title":"A systematic review and survey of the management of unexpected neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"48","author":"Bassler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2235","article-title":"Antigen-positive platelet transfusion in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT)","volume":"107","author":"Kiefel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15216","article-title":"Treatment and outcomes of fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a nationwide cohort study in newly detected cases","volume":"184","author":"Winkelhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-026419","article-title":"Platelet transfusion in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"109","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21531","article-title":"Treatment of fetomaternal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia with random platelets","volume":"50","author":"Bakchoul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0389-4","article-title":"Postnatal management of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: the role of matched platelet transfusion and IVIG","volume":"166","author":"te Pas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2005.00645.x","article-title":"Prospective epidemiologic study of the outcome and cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening to detect neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-1a","volume":"45","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v92.7.2280","article-title":"The natural history of fetomaternal alloimmunization to the platelet-specific antigen HPA-1a (PlA1, Zwa) as determined by antenatal screening","volume":"92","author":"Williamson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-012394330-9\/50041-7","article-title":"Oral tolerance","volume":"241","author":"Weiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2007.00980.x","article-title":"Management of alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"93","author":"Kanhai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ehm.10.49","article-title":"Reconsidering fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia with a focus on screening and prevention","volume":"3","author":"Skogen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/moh.0b013e3283317be9","article-title":"Is it time to implement HPA-1 screening in pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Husebekk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01289.x","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"114","author":"Killie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2019.102712","article-title":"Strategies to develop a prophylaxis for the prevention of HPA-1a immunization and fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"59","author":"Kj\u00e6r","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002137","article-title":"Fetal\/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review of impact of HLA-DRB3*01:01 on fetal\/neonatal outcome","volume":"4","author":"Kjeldsen-Kragh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.10.014","article-title":"Placenta-associated biomarkers and pregnancy outcome in HPA-1a alloimmunization: A prospective cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Nedberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3148.1994.tb00265.x","article-title":"Antenatal management of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia--report of 15 affected pregnancies","volume":"4","author":"Murphy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000264304","article-title":"Antenatal invasive and noninvasive management of alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"11","author":"Kornfeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00533.x","article-title":"Feto-maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: antenatal therapy with IvIgG and steroids--more questions than answers","volume":"100","author":"Kaplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0378(97)90473-3","article-title":"Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: antenatal management","volume":"182","author":"Silver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.2003.00188.x","article-title":"Experiences with fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia at a Swedish hospital over a 10-year period","volume":"82","author":"Tiblad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04408.x","article-title":"European collaborative study of the antenatal management of feto-maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"122","author":"Birchall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000089048","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulins without initial and follow-up cordocentesis in alloimmune fetal and neonatal thrombocytopenia at high risk for intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Kanhai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.066","article-title":"Antenatal noninvasive treatment of patients at risk for alloimmune thrombocytopenia without a history of intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"195","author":"Yinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01244.x","article-title":"Noninvasive antenatal management of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: safe and effective","volume":"114","author":"van den Akker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01367.x","article-title":"Repeated intrauterine IgG infusions in fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia do not increase fetal platelet counts","volume":"99","author":"Giers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.511333","article-title":"Fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: is less invasive antenatal management safe","volume":"24","author":"Mechoulan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783176\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:30:04Z","timestamp":1775017804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783176\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":179,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"article-number":"1783176"}}