{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:32:28Z","timestamp":1790271148050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Microglia are increasingly implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but their role remains difficult to define because the available evidence is heterogeneous in cohort composition, developmental stage, sampled brain region, and experimental modality. This Review summarizes current evidence on three related aspects of ASD-relevant microglial biology: microglial heterogeneity, immunometabolic regulation, and synapse-related pathways. Human postmortem studies, bulk transcriptomics, single-cell and spatial atlases, methylomic deconvolution, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    neuroimmune imaging collectively support the presence of immune- and glia-associated alterations in at least a subset of ASD brains, but these findings do not support a single ASD-wide microglial phenotype. Instead, current evidence is more consistent with region-, stage-, sex-, and context-dependent microglial variation that should be interpreted together with neuronal, astrocytic, vascular, and broader tissue-level changes. We further review how lipid handling, mitochondrial function, phagocytic-lysosomal load, and bioactive lipid signaling may influence microglial competence in ASD-relevant settings, while noting that much of the detailed mechanistic immunometabolism literature still derives from aging and neurodegeneration. At the microglia-synapse interface, complement deposition, phosphatidylserine exposure, anti-engulfment checkpoints, and astrocyte-microglia crosstalk provide more informative mechanistic entry points than broad activation terminology. Across studies, the major challenge is not whether microglia are involved in ASD, but how to distinguish primary pathogenic effects from secondary adaptation, and how to relate molecular signatures to excessive, insufficient, or mistargeted synaptic remodeling. Overall, the literature supports a more precise interpretation of ASD-related microglial biology based on developmental timing, cellular context, and mechanism-linked readouts rather than non-specific inflammatory labels alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:54:48Z","timestamp":1777352088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microglia in autism spectrum disorder: heterogeneity, immunometabolism, and synapse-related pathways"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aojie","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Changsha Medical University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e584762012-144","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.001","article-title":"Characterizing vulnerable brain areas and circuits in mouse models of autism: Towards understanding pathogenesis and new therapeutic approaches","volume":"110","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10110","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular 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