{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:34:35Z","timestamp":1788230075473,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolomic profiling offers insights into immune responses, yet a synthesis of systemic metabolic changes after COVID-19 vaccination is lacking. This review aims to characterize vaccination-induced metabolomic alterations and identify correlative biomarkers of responsiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO 1181037), four databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched for studies using LC-MS, GC-MS, or NMR to analyse venous blood after COVID-19 vaccination. Inclusion criteria focused on original human studies. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and RoB 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten studies (n &amp;gt; 1,200) evaluating mRNA and inactivated vaccines were included. Vaccination consistently altered amino acid pathways, specifically glutamine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Early activation of the kynurenine pathway (1\u20132 days post-dose) emerged as a predictor of stronger antibody responses. Inactivated vaccines triggered a \u201cWarburg-like\u201d metabolic switch, characterized by increased glycolysis and reduced TCA intermediates. Lipidomic changes were prominent; high baseline ceramides predicted low response, while sphingomyelins and short-chain fatty acids associated with positive immunity. Most studies showed a moderate risk of bias due to\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      grouping and confounding factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination induces reproducible changes in amino acid, energy, and lipid metabolism. Kynurenine activity, baseline amino acids, and sphingolipid signatures are potential predictors of vaccine efficacy, supporting personalized immunization strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1783878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:06:03Z","timestamp":1772003163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of metabolic signatures of immune response following mRNA and inactivated vaccines against COVID-19: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wasilewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Association of Medical Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroc\u0142aw, 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