{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:09:17Z","timestamp":1788930557949,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with latent tuberculosis (LTBI) infection are more susceptible to\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Mtb) disease than adults with LTBI. HIV infection in children significantly enhances the development of LTBI into active TB due to the immature immune system. However, information about the immune responses to Mtb in HIV+ children with LTBI is limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we compared the immune cell phenotypes of freshly isolated PBMCs as well as Mtb antigen specific cytokine and chemokine production in HIV-LTBI+ and HIV+LTBI+ children. We also identified the factors responsible for reduced IL-1\u03b2 production by PBMCs from HIV+LTBI+ children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that compared to HIV-LTBI+ (healthy LTBI+) children, HIV+ children with LTBI have significantly fewer exhausted (LAG3+) NK cells and specific CD8+ cell subsets in freshly isolated PBMCs. We also found that in response to Mtb antigens, PBMCs from HIV+LTBI+ children produced less IL-1\u03b2, IL-17, IFN-\u03b3 and MCP-1 than PBMCs from HIV-LTBI+ children. Recombinant IL-17 significantly increased the production of IL-1\u03b2, MCP-1 and MIP-1\u03b1; increased the expansion of CD4+CD45RO+CCR7+CD62L+ T cells; and significantly decreased the number of CD3-CD56+CD158b (KIR2DL) expressing NK cells by CFP-10 and ESAT-6 stimulated PBMCs from HIV+LTBI+ children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrated that defective IL-17 production is associated with decreased secretion of the protective cytokines IL-1\u03b2, MCP-1 and MIP-1\u03b1 in HIV+LTBI+ children. These findings highlight the need to investigate IL-17 mediated mechanisms to develop interventions for children with concurrent HIV and latent tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:42:48Z","timestamp":1788928968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defective IL-17 production is associated with reduced IL-1\u03b2 levels in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV+ children with latent tuberculosis infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kamakshi Prudhula","family":"Devalraju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varalakshmi","family":"Mallidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB)","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Vankayalapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Saint Louis University","place":["St. Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Saint Louis University","place":["St. Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anvesh Kumar","family":"Bogam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saloni","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB)","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Vaishnavi","family":"Dangatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindhu","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay Kumar","family":"Nandicoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB)","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]},{"name":"National Institute of Immunology","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijaya Lakshmi","family":"Valluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramakrishna","family":"Vankayalapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Saint Louis University","place":["St. Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkata Sanjeev Kumar","family":"Neela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]},{"name":"CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB)","place":["Hyderabad, Telangana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.23.0529","article-title":"Global reporting on TB in children and adolescents: how far have we come and what remains to be done","volume":"1","author":"Verkuijl","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJTLD Open"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2352","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002352","article-title":"Latent Tuberculosis Infection and the Risk of Subsequent Cancer","volume":"95","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"AVERT\n            \n          \n          HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) Co-Infection (2024)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/781320","article-title":"Immune vulnerability of infants to tuberculosis","volume":"2013","author":"Vanden Driessche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaf085","article-title":"Risk factors and mortality rates for children co-infected with HIV and TB in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Bizuneh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S1-S5","article-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in children","author":"Venturini","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30509-4","article-title":"Host factors and early treatments to restrict paediatric HIV infection and early disease progression","volume":"1","author":"Gianesin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virus Erad"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-021-00426-8","article-title":"Na\u00efve CD4+ cell counts significantly decay and high HIV RNA levels contribute to immunological progression in long-term non-progressors infected with HIV by blood products: a cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01393-x","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis in HIV-associated pediatric tuberculosis","volume":"91","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070730","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Role of T Cells in Protection","volume":"12","author":"Hosseinian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198906293202605","article-title":"Severe Herpesvirus Infections in an Adolescent without Natural Killer Cells","volume":"320","author":"Biron","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111137","article-title":"Dysfunctional bronchoalveolar effector memory CD8+ T cells in tuberculosis-exposed people living with antiretroviral-na\u00efve HIV infection","volume":"27","author":"Mthembu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0306651","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306651","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among HIV-infected children after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Kassaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148271","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.148271","article-title":"Reduced thyroxine production in young household contacts of tuberculosis patients increases active tuberculosis disease risk","volume":"6","author":"Devalraju","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0257185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257185","article-title":"Defective expansion and function of memory like natural killer cells in HIV+ individuals with latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"16","author":"Devalraju","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.08.001","article-title":"Neuronal injury induces the release of pro-interleukin-1beta from activated microglia in vitro","volume":"1236","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.11.6749","article-title":"T cells enhance production of IL-18 by monocytes in response to an intracellular pathogen","volume":"166","author":"Vankayalapati","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0904189","article-title":"Caspase-1 independent IL-1beta production is critical for host resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis and does not require TLR signaling in vivo","volume":"184","author":"Mayer-Barber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47050367","article-title":"Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in HIV-1: The Role of Virus-Host Protein Interactions","volume":"47","author":"Mouzakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70009","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70009","article-title":"LAG3 Marks Activated but Hyporesponsive NK Cells","volume":"55","author":"Vasilyeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402176","article-title":"The upregulation of LAG-3 on T cells defines a subpopulation with functional exhaustion and correlates with disease progression in HIV-infected subjects","volume":"194","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0023025","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00230-25","article-title":"The inhibitory receptor LAG3 affects NK cell IFN-\u03b3 production through glycolysis and the PSAT1\/STAT1\/IFNG pathway","volume":"16","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.31.928200","volume-title":"LAG3 is a Central Regulator of NK Cell Cytokine Production","author":"Narayanan","year":"2020"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181926c28","article-title":"Premature aging of T cells is associated with faster HIV-1 disease progression","volume":"50","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.8.987","article-title":"Migration and function of antigen-primed nonpolarized T lymphocytes in vivo","volume":"193","author":"Iezzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00199-07","article-title":"Decreased CXCR3+ CD8 T cells in advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection suggest that a homing defect contributes to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte dysfunction","volume":"81","author":"Brainard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003196","article-title":"The Magnitude of Interferon Gamma Release Assay Responses in Children With Household Tuberculosis Contact Is Associated With Tuberculosis Exposure and Disease Status","volume":"40","author":"Ronge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000218545.31716.a4","article-title":"Impaired IFN-gamma-secreting capacity in mycobacterial antigen-specific CD4 T cells during chronic HIV-1 infection despite long-term HAART","volume":"20","author":"Sutherland","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02502","article-title":"A Low Frequency of IL-17-Producing CD8+ T-Cells Is Associated With Persistent Immune Activation in People Living With HIV Despite HAART-Induced Viral Suppression","volume":"9","author":"Perdomo-Celis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1449","article-title":"IL-23 and IL-17 in the establishment of protective pulmonary CD4+ T cell responses after vaccination and during Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge","volume":"8","author":"Khader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182875","article-title":"High-Dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv Infection in IL-17A- and IL-17A\/F-Deficient Mice","volume":"11","author":"Ritter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.566620","article-title":"HIV-1 infection induces interleukin-1\u03b2 production via TLR8 protein-dependent and NLRP3 inflammasome mechanisms in human monocytes","volume":"289","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315771","article-title":"Interleukin-1 signaling is essential for host defense during murine pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"182","author":"Juffermans","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202688","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 promotes antimicrobial immunity in macrophages by regulating TNFR signaling and caspase-3 activation","volume":"190","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01972","article-title":"IL-23\/IL-17 Axis Activates IL-1\u03b2-Associated Inflammasome in Macrophages and Generates an Auto-Inflammatory Response in a Subgroup of Patients With Bullous Pemphigoid","volume":"10","author":"Le Jan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.002","article-title":"Interleukin-17A Serves a Priming Role in Autoimmunity by Recruiting IL-1\u03b2-Producing Myeloid Cells that Promote Pathogenic T Cells","volume":"52","author":"McGinley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833647a8","article-title":"Th17 cells and HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Elhed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12050954","article-title":"Decreased IL-1 \u03b2 Secretion as a Potential Predictor of Tuberculosis Recurrence in Individuals Diagnosed with HIV","volume":"12","author":"Nosik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.004","article-title":"The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803578","article-title":"NKG2D-Dependent IL-17 Production by Human T Cells in Response to an Intracellular Pathogen","volume":"183","author":"Paidipally","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01252","article-title":"IL-17 Production from T Helper 17, Mucosal-Associated Invariant T, and \u03b3\u03b4 Cells in Tuberculosis Infection and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Coulter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4662","article-title":"IL-17 production is dominated by gammadelta T cells rather than CD4 T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"177","author":"Lockhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0329923","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03299-23","article-title":"Lung type 3 innate lymphoid cells respond early following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1276-2","article-title":"Group 3 innate lymphoid cells mediate early protective immunity against tuberculosis","volume":"570","author":"Ardain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1279837","article-title":"Interactions between neutrophils and T-helper 17 cells","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240469997","article-title":"Higher macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta levels from CD8+ T cells are associated with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection","volume":"97","author":"Cocchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.45","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis upregulates coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 while HIV modulates CD14 favoring concurrent infection","volume":"22","author":"Rosas-Taraco","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5243.1811","article-title":"Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells","volume":"270","author":"Cocchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.727861","article-title":"Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-Induced Protein 1 (MCPIP-1): A Key Player of Host Defense and Immune Regulation","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155823","article-title":"IL-17 upregulates MCP-1 expression via Act1 \/ TRAF6 \/ TAK1 in experimental autoimmune myocarditis","volume":"152","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview","volume":"29","author":"Deshmane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901942","article-title":"IL-17-mediated monocyte migration occurs partially through CC chemokine ligand 2\/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction","volume":"184","author":"Shahrara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44385","article-title":"Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions","volume":"401","author":"Sallusto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097670","article-title":"HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"305","author":"Khakoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784204\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:42:59Z","timestamp":1788928979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784204\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784204","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"1784204"}}