{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:05:48Z","timestamp":1792850748170,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both ILC2 and Th2 cell subsets play a critical role as functional effector cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Although allergen-specific immunotherapy is currently the only disease-modifying therapy available for allergic disorders, the immunological mechanisms interfering with type 2 immune response are not yet fully explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study focuses on describing the immunological changes caused by standardized grass pollen-specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in a cohort of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Patients diagnosed with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis were enrolled and treated with grass pollen-specific SLIT for a duration of three years. We investigated circulating CD4+ T cells and ILC2 via flow-cytometry, assessing their cytokine expression. Grass-specific IgE levels were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a decrease of frequencies of IL-4 and IL-13 producing, and CD154-expressing, CD4+ T cells after one year of treatment, while frequencies of IFN-\u03b3 producing CD4+ T remained stable. We also observed significant and long-term clinical improvement induced by SLIT, although grass-specific IgE levels remained relatively stable over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These exploratory findings collectively suggest early modulation of the type 2 immune response with sustained clinical response regardless of persistent allergic sensitization in patients undergoing grass pollen-specific SLIT for allergic rhinitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:30:25Z","timestamp":1773034225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of type 2 inflammation during grass pollen-specific sublingual immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Salvati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence","place":["Florence, Italy"]},{"name":"Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital","place":["Florence, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Capone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence","place":["Florence, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence","place":["Florence, Italy"]},{"name":"Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital","place":["Florence, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence","place":["Florence, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Lamacchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence","place":["Florence, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Scaletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence","place":["Florence, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Parronchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence","place":["Florence, Italy"]},{"name":"Immunology and 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