{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:00:40Z","timestamp":1772517640471,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency (HAE-C1INH) features clinical heterogeneity and stress-triggered attacks. Behavioral tolerance to acute stress may reveal vulnerability profiles beyond standard clinical descriptors. This study aimed to characterize stress response patterns and compare groups based on behavioral tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HAE-C1INH patients underwent the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test (SECPT) and were stratified as Completers or Non-completers (early withdrawal). Stress appraisal, cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, HR; systolic\/diastolic arterial pressure, SAP\/DAP), and plasma cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6) were assessed. Disease control and quality of life were measured via Angioedema Control Test (AECT) and Angioedema Quality of life (AE-QoL) questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty patients were enrolled (15 Completers and 5 Non-completers). Non-completers showed poorer disease control (10.6 \u00b1 5.5 vs 14.5 \u00b1 2.2; p \u2264 0.05) and worse AE-QoL, particularly in the Functioning (8.6 \u00b1 4.3 vs 4.7 \u00b1 1.7; p \u2264 0.05) and Fatigue\/Mood (13.6 \u00b1 7.1 vs 10.5 \u00b1 3.5; p \u2264 0.05) domains. They reported higher stress (91 \u00b1 8.9 vs 50.5 \u00b1 33.7; p \u2264 0.05), pain (87.8 \u00b1 12.8 vs 50.1 \u00b1 31.3; p \u2264 0.05) and unpleasantness (83 \u00b1 19.9 vs 49.5 \u00b1 30.5; p \u2264 0.05) during the SECPT. Non-completers displayed an attenuated SAP response relative to Completers (128.3 \u00b1 18.0 vs 148.9 \u00b1 18.3 mmHg; p \u2264 0.05). Inflammatory profiles also diverged: Non-completers showed higher IL-6 levels at 40 minutes after SECPT (3.5 \u00b1 1.1 vs 2.2 \u00b1 0.7 pg\/ml; p \u2264 0.05) and opposite TNF-\u03b1 trajectories compared with Completers (0.9 \u00b1 1.0 vs -0.5 \u00b1 0.9 pg\/ml; p \u2264 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early withdrawal during SECPT identifies a vulnerable HAE-C1INH subgroup with distinct psychological, cardiovascular, and inflammatory patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:23:12Z","timestamp":1772515392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioural withdrawal during an acute stress test as a marker of psychobiological 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