{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T05:07:34Z","timestamp":1779944854825,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P19\/00747, PI22\/01341, FI23\/00006, CM20\/00243, CM22\/00243, PT20\/00138, CB22\/01\/00041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P19\/00747, PI22\/01341, FI23\/00006, CM20\/00243, CM22\/00243, PT20\/00138, CB22\/01\/00041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Modern antiretroviral treatment allowed a significant improvement in the life expectancy of people with HIV (PWH), exhibiting robust and sustained efficacy with scarce toxicities, both in two-drug regimens (2DRs) and three-drug regimens (3DRs). However, a proinflammatory condition is observed even in virologically suppressed PWH. The aim of this study is to assess prospectively the dynamics of various cytokines in PWH who transition from a 3DR to a 2DR.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A prospective cohort study including 35 virologically suppressed PWH who switched from a 3DR to a dolutegravir-based 2DR was conducted. Plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-18, IP-10, MIG and IL-18BP were quantified using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay (MILLIPLEX\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n ) in samples collected at baseline month 3, month 6 and month 12; an exploratory extension analysis was performed in a subset of 6 participants up to 24 months.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Between June\/2021 and December\/2022, 35 subjects were recruited, of whom mostly were men (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a025, 71.4%), born in Spain (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a027, 62.8%), with a median time receiving ART of 10.7 years. Throughout the study period no virological failure or transient episodes of low-level viremia were observed. At month 12, no significant changes were observed in total lymphocyte CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n count (855 c\/\u00b5L vs 820 c\/\u00b5L), CD4\n +<\/jats:sup>\n \/CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ratio (1.05 vs 1.07), IL-6 (2.24 pg\/mL vs 2.24 pg\/mL) and IP-10 (188.2 pg\/mL vs 245.8 pg\/mL). On the contrary, increased plasma concentrations of MIG (2785 pg\/mL vs 2966 pg\/mL,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.017) and IL-18 (63.33 pg\/mL vs 75.10 pg\/mL,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.009) were observed. In this respect, the variations in IL-18 concentrations were not correlated with significant changes concerning IL-18BP (59.26 pg\/mL vs 43.34 pg\/mL).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n At 12 months after switching to a 2DR, plasma IL-18 and MIG concentrations increased, whereas IL-6 and IP-10 remained stable. The rise in IL-18 occurred independently of IL-18BP changes, indicating that reduced IL-18 neutralization is unlikely to explain this finding and supporting the involvement of alternative regulatory pathways.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1784890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:53:08Z","timestamp":1779943988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IL-18 and MIG increase one year after transition to dolutegravir-based dual therapy despite sustained viral suppression"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Sergas","place":["Vigo, Spain"]},{"name":"Virology and Pathogenesis Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research 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