{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T06:30:33Z","timestamp":1775025033597,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Green tea, rich in bioactive compounds, is widely recognized for its immunomodulatory and anti-infection potential. In this study, we systematically evaluated the efficacy of green tea hot-water extract (GHWE) in modulating host antimycobacterial immunity. We first demonstrated that GHWE treatment enhanced the capacity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth. This protective effect was further validated\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , where oral administration of GHWE significantly reduced the pulmonary bacterial burden in BCG-infected mice. Mechanistically, GHWE promoted the release of bactericidal extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Specifically, miR-9-5p was markedly upregulated in BALF-EVs following GHWE administration and enhanced macrophage-mediated inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, we observed that GHWE gavage also strengthened the antimicrobial activity of gut-derived EVs (GUT-EVs). Tracing experiments showed that GUT-EVs could travel through the circulatory system to the lungs, suggesting that they may mediate distal immune regulation along the gut-lung axis. Taken together, GHWE administration not only directly enhances the antimycobacterial capacity of host immune cells but also promotes cross-organ immune modulation by regulating EV-mediated communication between the gut and lung. This study provides new mechanistic evidence supporting the health-promoting functions of tea bioactive substances and highlights the importance of EV-mediated gut-lung interactions in dietary immunomodulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:28:50Z","timestamp":1775017730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancement of host anti-mycobacterial immunity by green tea hot-water extract is mediated through miR-9-5p-enriched lung extracellular vesicles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaosai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chonghai","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangying","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection and Immunity","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE\/NHC\/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)02479-6","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"405","author":"Trajman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01025-1","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis: a persistent global health concern","volume":"22","author":"Farhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04596-5","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits Mpt64 to generate myeloid-derived suppressor cells to evade the immune system","volume":"79","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2322663","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis hijacks host macrophages-derived interleukin 16 to block phagolysosome maturation for enhancing intracellular growth","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06641-6","article-title":"Dietary factors and their influence on immunotherapy strategies in oncology: a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Golonko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo00261a","article-title":"Green and white teas as health-promoting foods","volume":"12","author":"Hinojosa-Nogueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01115-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810713","article-title":"Green tea catechins: Nature's way of preventing and treating cancer","volume":"23","author":"Farhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo00170a","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of green tea polyphenol epicatechin gallate attenuating Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity by targeting Ser\/Thr phosphatase Stp1","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127047","article-title":"Interaction between gut microbiota dysbiosis and lung infection as gut-lung axis caused by Streptococcus suis in mouse model","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2531201","article-title":"Gut microbiota and tuberculosis infection: interaction and therapeutic potential","volume":"17","author":"Chai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0451-9","article-title":"The influence of the microbiome on respiratory health","volume":"20","author":"Wypych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14899","article-title":"Mir-18a promotes mycobacterial survival in macrophages via inhibiting autophagy by down-regulation of Atm","volume":"24","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01663","article-title":"Lactobacilli isolated from wild boar (Sus scrofa) antagonize Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in a species-dependent manner","volume":"10","author":"Bravo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00547-3","article-title":"Ifnar gene variants influence gut microbial production of palmitoleic acid and host immune responses to tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01354-4","article-title":"Parenteral BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and trained immunity via the gut-lung axis","volume":"23","author":"Jeyanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00899-0","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression","volume":"22","author":"Marar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2024","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and the lung: From disease pathogenesis to biomarkers and treatments","volume":"105","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01755-5","article-title":"Tea leaf-derived exosome-like nanotherapeutics retard breast tumor growth by pro-apoptosis and microbiota modulation","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010145","article-title":"Composition and clinical significance of exosomes in tuberculosis: a systematic literature review","volume":"10","author":"Biadglegne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1441781","article-title":"The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exosomal miRNAs in host pathogen cross-talk as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1567167","article-title":"Mir-107-enriched exosomes promote ROS\/Wnt\/autophagy, inhibit intracellular mycobacterial growth and attenuate lung infection","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1918","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of intestinal epithelial-like cell-derived exosomes regulated by epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"49","author":"Yano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-421","article-title":"Exosome derived from epigallocatechin gallate treated breast cancer cells suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization","volume":"13","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.739219","article-title":"Mir337-3p enhances mycobacterial pathogenicity involving TLR4\/MyD88 and STAT3 signals, impairing VDR antimicrobial response and fast-acting immunity","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2526","article-title":"Protective effects of tea extracts against alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via modulating cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and ameliorating oxidative damage","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fo00791d","article-title":"Green tea infusion protects against alcoholic liver injury by attenuating inflammation and regulating the PI3K\/Akt\/eNOS pathway in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-019-00163-9","article-title":"A high efficient method to isolate exosomes from small intestinal epithelium","volume":"61","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/load044","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by intestine epithelium-derived exosomes","volume":"2","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.669394","article-title":"Genetics and functional mechanisms of STAT3 polymorphisms in human tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.599641","article-title":"A CD4+CD161+ T-cell subset present in unexposed humans, not TB patients, are fast acting cells that inhibit the growth of intracellular mycobacteria involving CD161 pathway, perforin, and IFN-\u03b3\/autophagy","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03037-1","article-title":"Exosomal miR-17-5p from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibits abdominal aortic aneurysm by suppressing TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03238-9","article-title":"An anti-CD19-exosome delivery system navigates the blood-brain barrier for targeting of central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.144260","article-title":"Mir-9-5p regulates immunometabolic and epigenetic pathways in \u03b2-glucan-trained immunity via IDH3\u03b1","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081566","article-title":"Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): a time for a new player in the treatment of respiratory diseases","volume":"11","author":"Mokra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130047","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b1-glucosidases by tea polyphenols in rat intestinal extract and Caco-2 cells grown on Transwell","volume":"361","author":"Kan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo03685e","article-title":"Water extract of green tea attenuates alcohol-related hepatitis by inhibiting liver inflammation and gut microbiota disturbance in mice","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040404","article-title":"Green tea pressurized hot water extract in atherosclerosis: a multi-approach study on cellular, animal, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Hossain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00126","article-title":"Exosomes derived from epigallocatechin gallate-treated cardiomyocytes attenuated acute myocardial infarction by modulating microRNA-30a","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8991","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo05479b","article-title":"Green tea prepared via the daily infusion method prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting intestinal lipid absorption, hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota composition","volume":"16","author":"Orita","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8499","article-title":"Green tea ameliorates depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment induced by high-fat diet and chronic mild stress","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2019.4662","article-title":"Green tea encourages growth of Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"23","author":"Jeong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-105","article-title":"Green tea powder and Lactobacillus plantarum affect gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and inflammation in high-fat fed C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"9","author":"Axling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo04051h","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by modulating the gut microbiota and SCFAs in mice","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2073132","article-title":"Arginine-mediated gut microbiome remodeling promotes host pulmonary immune defense against nontuberculous mycobacterial infection","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02782-16","article-title":"Immunogenic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum producing surface-displayed Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens","volume":"83","author":"Kuczkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111937","article-title":"Adjunctive administration of parabiotic Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 ameliorates drug-induced toxicity and pulmonary inflammation during antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04117-5","article-title":"Functional delivery of lncRNA TUG1 by endothelial progenitor cells derived extracellular vesicles confers anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization in sepsis via impairing miR-9-5p-targeted SIRT1 inhibition","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-208032","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage-derived microvesicles mediate acute lung injury","volume":"71","author":"Soni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103010","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage - derived exosomes modulate severity and outcome of acute lung injury","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany Ny)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116731","article-title":"Down-regulation of taurine-up-regulated gene 1 attenuates inflammation by sponging mir-9-5p via targeting nf-\u03bab1\/p50 in multiple sclerosis","volume":"233","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810909106","article-title":"Induction and regulatory function of mir-9 in human monocytes and neutrophils exposed to proinflammatory signals","volume":"106","author":"Bazzoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.001","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages provide an early mycobacterium tuberculosis niche and initiate dissemination","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48515-7","article-title":"Heterogeneity in lung macrophage control of mycobacterium tuberculosis is modulated by t cells","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09873","article-title":"Selection of fluorescent, bioluminescent, and radioactive tracers to accurately reflect extracellular vesicle biodistribution in vivo","volume":"15","author":"L\u00e1zaro-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.11.006","article-title":"To catch a killer. What can mycobacterial models teach us about mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Shiloh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959656","article-title":"A century of bcg vaccination: Immune mechanisms, animal models, non-traditional routes and implications for covid-19","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786162\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:28:54Z","timestamp":1775017734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786162\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"article-number":"1786162"}}