{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:09:08Z","timestamp":1788930548678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor among women worldwide. Radiotherapy (RT) is a primary treatment modality; however, local recurrence driven by radioresistance frequently undermines its efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Mechanisms<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Growing evidence indicates that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and the tumor microenvironment (TME) cooperatively regulate multiple signaling pathways, thereby reducing RT efficacy. BCSCs exhibit intrinsic radioresistance through enhanced DNA repair capacity (Section 2.2.1), maintenance of redox homeostasis via the NRF2-KEAP1 and HIF-1\u03b1 axes (Section 2.2.2), dysregulated cell cycle checkpoints (Section 2.2.3), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Section 2.2.4). Concurrently, TME components\u2014particularly cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)\u2014construct a protective niche that sustains BCSCs, promotes immune evasion, and triggers post-RT recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subtype-specific heterogeneity<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The molecular subtyping of BC (Luminal A\/B, HER2+, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)) profoundly influences radiosensitivity and resistance mechanisms, necessitating subtype-specific therapeutic strategies (Section 2.1.2 and 3.1.1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention strategies and challenges<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To overcome radioresistance, we discuss emerging combination approaches, including RT with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), BCSCs-directed agents, metabolic interventions, and nanodelivery systems. We critically appraise translational barriers, including the paucity of validated biomarkers, the plasticity of BCSCs, and the toxicity profiles of multimodal regimens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By explicitly distinguishing preclinical from clinical evidence and identifying knowledge gaps between mechanistic insights and clinical application, this review provides a framework for rational trial design and precision RT in BC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:44:16Z","timestamp":1788929056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The mechanism of breast cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment promoting radioresistance in breast cancer and its intervention strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou","place":["Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou","place":["Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou","place":["Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou","place":["Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2014.05.006","article-title":"Radiation-enhanced cell migration\/invasion process: A review","volume":"92","author":"Moncharmont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncology\/Hematology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1268-2","article-title":"Development and characterisation of acquired radioresistant breast cancer cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol (London England)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070538","article-title":"Stem cells in cancer: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Haddadin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/cmar.S213663","article-title":"The prognosis comparison of different molecular subtypes of breast tumors after radiotherapy and the intrinsic reasons for their distinct radiosensitivity","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manage Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.20937","article-title":"Subtype-specific heterogeneity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer: Current insights and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2026","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062795","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment dynamics of triple-negative breast cancer under radiation therapy","volume":"26","author":"Niture","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2011.090456","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cell markers Cd44, Cd24 and Aldh1: Expression distribution within intrinsic molecular subtype","volume":"64","author":"Ricardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2018.2943","article-title":"Cancer stem cell markers Aldh1 and Cd44+\/Cd24- phenotype and their prognosis impact in invasive ductal carcinoma","volume":"62","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem EJH"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2015.1066780","article-title":"Cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: Interplay in tumor heterogeneity","volume":"56","author":"Albini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Connective Tissue Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2304","article-title":"The cancer stem cell: Premises, promises and challenges","volume":"17","author":"Clevers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12868","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells: Are we ready to go from bench to bedside","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.02.006","article-title":"Evolution of the cancer stem cell model","volume":"14","author":"Kreso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227670","article-title":"Variable clonal repopulation dynamics influence chemotherapy response in colorectal cancer","volume":"339","author":"Kreso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.007","article-title":"Biological and molecular heterogeneity of breast cancers correlates with their cancer stem cell content","volume":"140","author":"Pece","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23277","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells: A review of their characteristics and the agents that affect them","volume":"60","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123765","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells: Biomarkers, identification and isolation methods, regulating mechanisms, cellular origin, and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2011.05.005","article-title":"Cd44(+)\/Cd24(-\/low) cancer stem\/progenitor cells are more abundant in triple-negative invasive breast carcinoma phenotype and are associated with poor outcome","volume":"43","author":"Idowu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.16874","article-title":"Evaluation of breast cancer stem cells and intratumor stemness heterogeneity in triple-negative breast cancer as prognostic factors","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2561726","article-title":"Clinical impact of breast cancer stem cells in metastatic breast cancer patients","volume":"2020","author":"Elbaiomy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2013.2943","article-title":"The role of Cd44+\/Cd24-\/low biomarker for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Camerlingo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.08.014","article-title":"Aldh1 is a marker of normal and Malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome","volume":"1","author":"Ginestier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-09-1630","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive cancer stem cells mediate metastasis and poor clinical outcome in inflammatory breast cancer","volume":"16","author":"Charafe-Jauffret","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.76187","article-title":"Targeting breast cancer stem cells","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13851","article-title":"Identification of multipotent mammary stem cells by protein C receptor expression","volume":"517","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-213","article-title":"Abcg2, a novel antigen to sort luminal progenitors of Brca1- breast cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Leccia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2083","article-title":"Lgr5 promotes breast cancer progression and maintains stem-like cells through activation of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells (Dayton Ohio)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522602113","article-title":"Stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (Ssea-3) and \u03b23galt5 are cancer specific and significant markers for breast cancer stem cells","volume":"113","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-018-0880-6","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells characterized by Cd70 expression preferentially metastasize to the lungs","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer (Tokyo Japan)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165253","article-title":"Combination of cancer stem cell markers Cd44 and Cd24 is superior to Aldh1 as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer patients with distant metastases","volume":"11","author":"Horimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14364-2","article-title":"Unraveling the roles of Cd44\/Cd24 and Aldh1 as cancer stem cell markers in tumorigenesis and metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2025.102351","article-title":"Mechanisms of radioresistance and radiosensitization strategies for triple negative breast cancer","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010211","article-title":"Radiotherapeutic strategies to overcome resistance of breast cancer brain metastases by considering immunogenic aspects of cancer stem cells","volume":"15","author":"Hintelmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071651","article-title":"Csc radioresistance: A therapeutic challenge to improve radiotherapy effectiveness in cancer","volume":"9","author":"Olivares-Urbano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27740","article-title":"Cancer stem cells (Cscs) in cancer progression and therapy","volume":"234","author":"Najafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043628","article-title":"Ionizing radiation induces stemness in cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Ghisolfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-017-0009-7","article-title":"Patterns of cell cycle checkpoint deregulation associated with intrinsic molecular subtypes of human breast cancer cells","volume":"3","author":"Bower","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2017.09.015","article-title":"Orchestration of DNA damage checkpoint dynamics across the human cell cycle","volume":"5","author":"Chao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44771-6","article-title":"Radiation-dose-dependent functional synergisms between Atm, Atr and DNA-Pkcs in checkpoint control and resection in G(2)-phase","volume":"9","author":"Mladenov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(20)30324-7","article-title":"Olaparib and durvalumab in patients with germline Brca-mutated metastatic breast cancer (Mediola): An open-label, multicentre, phase 1\/2, basket study","volume":"21","author":"Domchek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-23-2513","article-title":"Phase II Dora study of olaparib with or without durvalumab as a chemotherapy-free maintenance strategy in platinum-pretreated advanced triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.12.062","article-title":"Core-shell vector-mediated co-delivery of Crispr\/Cas9 system and hydrophobic drugs against triple-negative breast cancer stem cells","volume":"378","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Controlled Release Off J Controlled Release Soc"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105215","article-title":"Adjuvant olaparib for patients with Brca1- or Brca2-mutated breast cancer","volume":"384","author":"Tutt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.1048","article-title":"Single-arm phases 1 and 2 trial of niraparib in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Konstantinopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07733","article-title":"Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells","volume":"458","author":"Diehn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010083","article-title":"Keap1-Nrf2 pathway regulates Aldh and contributes to radioresistance in breast cancer stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Kamble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500166200","article-title":"Bach1 competes with Nrf2 leading to negative regulation of the antioxidant response element (Are)-mediated Nad(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 gene expression and induction in response to antioxidants","volume":"280","author":"Dhakshinamoorthy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2013.09.001","article-title":"Nrf2 is a potential therapeutic target in radioresistance in human cancer","volume":"88","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncology\/Hematology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci171166","article-title":"Zmynd8 protects breast cancer stem cells against oxidative stress and ferroptosis through activation of Nrf2","volume":"134","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115675","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes and their potential use in breast cancer treatment","volume":"25","author":"Vilchis-Landeros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02165-x","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and therapeutic resistance in primary and metastatic breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1421629","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced epigenetic regulation of breast cancer progression and the tumour microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Capatina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402307","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex iii regulates hypoxic activation of hif","volume":"15","author":"Klimova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6020027","article-title":"Strange bedfellows: Nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (nrf2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (hif-1) in tumor hypoxia","volume":"6","author":"Toth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01180-8","article-title":"Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and the interplay of hifs and nrf2 signaling in cancer","volume":"56","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci67230","article-title":"Hif-1 mediates metabolic responses to intratumoral hypoxia and oncogenic mutations","volume":"123","author":"Semenza","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03681-6","article-title":"Jak\/stat signaling as a key regulator of ferroptosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials in cancer and diseases","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0263-3","article-title":"The role of ferroptosis in ionizing radiation-induced cell death and tumor suppression","volume":"30","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2026.05.030","article-title":"Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) inhibition revisited: Advances and unmet challenges","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.5124","article-title":"Radiation induces the generation of cancer stem cells: A novel mechanism for cancer radioresistance","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060862","article-title":"Cancer stem cells and radioresistance: DNA repair and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Schulz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6760","article-title":"Cancer stem cells and signaling pathways in radioresistance","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00164","article-title":"The role of cancer stem cells in radiation resistance","volume":"10","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0080-4","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer","volume":"20","author":"Dongre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4409","article-title":"Cancer stem cells revisited","volume":"23","author":"Batlle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.11.019","article-title":"Cancer stem cells, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (emt) and radioresistance: Potential role of hypoxia","volume":"341","author":"Marie-Egyptienne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01756381","article-title":"Radiation enhancement of metastasis: A review","volume":"9","author":"von Essen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1684\/bdc.2008.0598","article-title":"Does ionizing radiation stimulate cancer invasion and metastasis","volume":"95","author":"Madani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull du Cancer"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.10.009","article-title":"Breast cancer radiotherapy: Is it time to rethink the indication","volume":"177","author":"Offersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiotherapy Oncol J Eur Soc For Ther Radiol Oncol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717x-7-153","article-title":"Establishment of animal model for the analysis of cancer cell metastasis during radiotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol (London England)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.10.006","article-title":"\u03b1-actinin-4 confers radioresistance coupled invasiveness in breast cancer cells through akt pathway","volume":"1865","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2018.6714","article-title":"Radioresistant breast cancer cells exhibit increased resistance to chemotherapy and enhanced invasive properties due to cancer stem cells","volume":"40","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.172938","article-title":"\u03b1-lipoic acid prevents the ionizing radiation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances the radiosensitivity in breast cancer cells","volume":"871","author":"Tripathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25240","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cell-like cells generated during tgf\u03b2-induced emt are radioresistant","volume":"9","author":"Konge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-016-0577-4","article-title":"Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07470-w","article-title":"Tumour-vasculature development via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition after radiotherapy controls cd44v6(+) cancer cell and macrophage polarization","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0994-2","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts as abettors of tumor progression at the crossroads of emt and therapy resistance","volume":"18","author":"Fiori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00641-0","article-title":"Signaling pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts and targeted therapy for cancer","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.20377","article-title":"The role of the myofibroblast in tumor stroma remodeling","volume":"6","author":"Otranto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Adhesion Migration"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01168-8","article-title":"Caf secreted mir-522 suppresses ferroptosis and promotes acquired chemo-resistance in gastric cancer","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-18-2365","article-title":"Nk cell infiltrates and hla class i expression in primary her2(+) breast cancer predict and uncouple pathological response and disease-free survival","volume":"25","author":"Muntasell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Research: Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-021-06260-1","article-title":"M2 tumor-associated macrophages play important role in predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast carcinoma","volume":"188","author":"Arole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13111976","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment characterization in breast cancer identifies prognostic pathway signatures","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04313-6","article-title":"Stt3-dependent pd-l1 accumulation on cancer stem cells promotes immune evasion","volume":"9","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01641-y","article-title":"Pd-l1 importance in Malignancies comprehensive insights into the role of pd-l1 in Malignancies: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"25","author":"Soltani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf504934m","article-title":"6-shogaol, an active constituent of dietary ginger, impairs cancer development and lung metastasis by inhibiting the secretion of cc-chemokine ligand 2 (ccl2) in tumor-associated dendritic cells","volume":"63","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-15-2528","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells endow stem-like qualities to breast cancer cells through il6\/stat3 and no\/notch cross-talk signaling","volume":"76","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3041","article-title":"A breast cancer stem cell niche supported by juxtacrine signalling from monocytes and macrophages","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145009","article-title":"Immunotherapies and combination strategies for immuno-oncology","volume":"21","author":"Barbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809615","article-title":"Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"379","author":"Schmid","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.Cir-24-0610","article-title":"Mathematical modeling predicts optimal immune checkpoint inhibitor and radiotherapy combinations and timing of administration","volume":"13","author":"Sakai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx268","article-title":"Immune infiltration in invasive lobular breast cancer","volume":"110","author":"Desmedt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Institute"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2025.03.002","article-title":"Overcoming cancer treatment resistance: Unraveling the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Center"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01835","article-title":"The dark side of fibroblasts: Cancer-associated fibroblasts as mediators of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Monteran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2024.5656","article-title":"Targeting the hippo pathway to prevent radioresistance brain metastases from the lung (review)","volume":"65","author":"Taylor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14163906","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Tumorigenicity and targeting for cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Glabman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03251-0","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor and radiotherapy: Interactions in the tumor micro-environment","volume":"43","author":"Raaijmakers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Research: CR"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.20718","article-title":"Autophagy and senescence in cancer-associated fibroblasts metabolically supports tumor growth and metastasis via glycolysis and ketone production","volume":"11","author":"Capparelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle (Georgetown Tex)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.12.029","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote radioresistance of breast cancer cells via the hgf\/c-met signaling pathway","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.16.12553","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cancer associated fibroblasts drives tumor-stroma co-evolution: A new paradigm for understanding tumor metabolism, the field effect and genomic instability in cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Martinez-Outschoorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle (Georgetown Tex)"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01306-3","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts induce growth and radioresistance of breast cancer cells through paracrine il-6","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.765284","article-title":"Efficient DNA repair mitigates replication stress resulting in less immunogenic cytosolic DNA in radioresistant breast cancer stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.009","article-title":"Cd10(+)Gpr77(+) cancer-associated fibroblasts promote cancer formation and chemoresistance by sustaining cancer stemness","volume":"172","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.Cd-19-1384","article-title":"Single-cell analysis reveals fibroblast clusters linked to immunotherapy resistance in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kieffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ppo.0000000000000776","article-title":"Targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts (Cafs) to optimize radiation responses","volume":"31","author":"O'Fee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer J (Sudbury Mass)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030569","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo characterization of Mct1 inhibitor Azd3965 confirms preclinical safety compatible with breast cancer treatment","volume":"13","author":"Benyahia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00854-3","article-title":"Decoding the mechanisms underlying breast cancer brain metastasis: Paving the way for precision therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-02973-x","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts rewire the estrogen receptor response in luminal breast cancer, enabling estrogen independence","volume":"43","author":"Reid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01048-4","article-title":"Cytotoxic Cd8(+) T cells in cancer and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"124","author":"Raskov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136995","article-title":"Macrophage polarization states in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"22","author":"Boutilier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210720143721","article-title":"The role of tumor associated macrophages (Tams) in cancer progression, chemoresistance, angiogenesis and metastasis - current status","volume":"28","author":"Dallavalasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015332","article-title":"Unveiling the immune microenvironment's role in breast cancer: A glimpse into promising frontiers","volume":"24","author":"Kotsifaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02239-2","article-title":"T-Dm1 with concurrent radiotherapy in Her2-positive breast cancer: Preclinical evaluation and mechanisms, prediction, and exploration of adverse effects","volume":"16","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Oncol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16132481","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells and tumor heterogeneity: Characteristics and therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Romaniuk-Drapa\u0142a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.08.014","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity in breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(11)70191-7","article-title":"Breast-cancer stem cells-beyond semantics","volume":"13","author":"Badve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2013.11.009","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states reflective of their normal counterparts","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.11.011","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity: Driver of cancer initiation, progression, and therapy resistance","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618298114","article-title":"Integrin-\u03b24 identifies cancer stem cell-enriched populations of partially mesenchymal carcinoma cells","volume":"114","author":"Bierie","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.027","article-title":"A chromatin-mediated reversible drug-tolerant state in cancer cell subpopulations","volume":"141","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012615-044438","article-title":"Cancer stem cells: Basic concepts and therapeutic implications","volume":"11","author":"Nassar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2016.81.030957","article-title":"Targeting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: The case for differentiation-based therapy","volume":"81","author":"Pattabiraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-11-3070","article-title":"Cancer stem cells: Distinct entities or dynamically regulated phenotypes","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0110-5","article-title":"Targeting cancer stem cell pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01851-y","article-title":"Cancer stem cells: Advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04940","article-title":"Notch signalling regulates stem cell numbers in vitro and in vivo","volume":"442","author":"Androutsellis-Theotokis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk133","article-title":"Novel cell culture technique for primary ductal carcinoma in situ: Role of Notch and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways","volume":"99","author":"Farnie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Institute"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105320","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells, heterogeneity, targeting therapies and therapeutic implications","volume":"163","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-11-3326","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical studies of gamma secretase inhibitors with docetaxel on human breast tumors","volume":"19","author":"Schott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Research: Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.03.003","article-title":"The challenge of targeting cancer stem cells to halt metastasis","volume":"44","author":"Agliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120068109","article-title":"Wnt pathway inhibition via the targeting of Frizzled receptors results in decreased growth and tumorigenicity of human tumors","volume":"109","author":"Gurney","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12465","article-title":"Blockade of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling suppresses breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting Csc-like phenotype","volume":"5","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.102031","article-title":"Nimbolide-based nanomedicine inhibits breast cancer stem-like cells by epigenetic reprogramming of Dnmts-Sfrp1-Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling axis","volume":"34","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7443","article-title":"A novel Mir-34a target, protein kinase D1, stimulates cancer stemness and drug resistance through Gsk3\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10633","article-title":"Paf-Wnt signaling-induced cell plasticity is required for maintenance of breast cancer cell stemness","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611682104","article-title":"Hedgehog signaling maintains a tumor stem cell compartment in multiple myeloma","volume":"104","author":"Peacock","year":"2007","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3997-7","article-title":"Isocyclopamine, a novel synthetic derivative of cyclopamine, reverts doxorubicin resistance in Mcf-7\/Adr cells by increasing intracellular doxorubicin accumulation and downregulating breast cancer stem-like cells","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour Biology: J Int Soc For Oncodevelopmental Biol Med"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2021.10.013","article-title":"A phase Ib dose escalation trial of Ro4929097 (a \u0393-secretase inhibitor) in combination with exemestane in patients with Er + metastatic breast cancer (Mbc)","volume":"22","author":"Means-Powell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-020-05817-w","article-title":"Phase Ib clinical trial of the anti-Frizzled antibody Vantictumab (Omp-18r5) plus paclitaxel in patients with locally advanced or metastatic Her2-negative breast cancer","volume":"184","author":"Diamond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.868695","article-title":"The evasion mechanisms of cancer immunity and drug intervention in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B140","article-title":"Pd-1\/Pd-L1 pathway: Current researches in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.02.002","article-title":"The cellular immunotherapy revolution: Arming the immune system for precision therapy","volume":"40","author":"Paucek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29050247","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy","volume":"29","author":"Shiravand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Oncol (Toronto Ont)"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1153990","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1460437","article-title":"Finding potential targets in cell-based immunotherapy for handling the challenges of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Kheirkhah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.Cir-17-0189","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intratumoral injections of chimeric antigen receptor (Car) T cells in metastatic breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Tchou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P2-09-13","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS18-P2-09-13","article-title":"Abstract P2-09-13: A phase I study of adoptive immunotherapy for Ror1+ advanced triple negative breast cancer (Tnbc) with defined subsets of autologous T cells expressing a Ror1-specific chimeric antigen receptor (Ror1-Car)","volume":"79","author":"Specht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.747","article-title":"A phase I\/II trial investigating safety and efficacy of autologous Tac01-Her2 in relapsed or refractory solid tumors","volume":"42","author":"Schlechter","year":"2024"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.Crc-22-0486","article-title":"Phase I trial of autologous Rna-electroporated Cmet-directed Car T cells administered intravenously in patients with melanoma and breast carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1018786","article-title":"Car-T cell therapy in triple-negative breast cancer: Hunting the invisible devil","volume":"13","author":"Nasiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03625-3","article-title":"Mesothelin- and nucleolin-specific T cells from combined short peptides effectively kill triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"22","author":"Thongchot","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2089-5","article-title":"Targeting and suppression of Her3-positive breast cancer by T lymphocytes expressing a heregulin chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"67","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy CII"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04996-5","article-title":"T cells expressing a Her2-specific chimeric antigen receptor as treatment for breast cancer","volume":"149","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00832-4","article-title":"Car T cell therapy for patients with solid tumours: Key lessons to learn and unlearn","volume":"21","author":"Albelda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05707-3","article-title":"Car immune cells: Design principles, resistance and the next generation","volume":"614","author":"Labanieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.34213","article-title":"Current progress in Car-T cell therapy for solid tumors","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-09-0265","article-title":"Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-Ctla-4 antibody","volume":"15","author":"Dewan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113812","article-title":"Radiation-guided nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of Parp inhibitors in primary and metastatic Brca1-deficient tumors via immunotherapy","author":"Khoury","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Controlled Release Off J Controlled Release Soc"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.728.11.2","article-title":"Immune-mediated inhibition of metastases after treatment with local radiation and Ctla-4 blockade in a mouse model of breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Demaria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910476","article-title":"Abscopal effect of radiotherapy enhanced with immune checkpoint inhibitors of triple negative breast cancer in 4t1 mammary carcinoma model","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122540","article-title":"The roles of micrornas in regulating the expression of Pd-1\/Pd-L1 immune checkpoint","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23861","article-title":"Hmgb3 contributes to anti-Pd-1 resistance by inhibiting Ifn-\u0393-driven ferroptosis in Tnbc","volume":"64","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00547-6","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome and associated neurotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159515","article-title":"Fractionated radiotherapy with 3 x 8 Gy induces systemic anti-tumour responses and abscopal tumour inhibition without modulating the humoral anti-tumour response","volume":"11","author":"Habets","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.08.008","article-title":"Precise: Preoperative radiation therapy to elicit critical immune stimulating effects-a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"121","author":"Shaitelman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(21)00401-0","article-title":"Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (revised Stars): Long-term results of a single-arm, prospective trial with prespecified comparison to surgery","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2018.04.05","article-title":"Combinatorial strategies of radiotherapy and immunotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Yeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/coc.0000000000001236","article-title":"Real-world safety of concurrent pembrolizumab and radiotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"49","author":"El Fakih","year":"2026"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-021-06408-z","article-title":"Current advances in immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations with radiation therapy or cryotherapy for breast cancer","volume":"191","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000550147","article-title":"Abc8 consensus: Assessment by a German group of experts","volume":"21","author":"Ditsch","year":"2026","journal-title":"Breast Care (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2024.103677","article-title":"Best of the year: Advanced breast cancer in 2023","volume":"74","author":"Schlam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast (Edinburgh Scotland)"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.48814","article-title":"Association of Pik3ca mutation with pathologic complete response and outcome by hormone receptor status and intrinsic subtype in early-stage Erbb2\/Her2-positive breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Zagami","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01492-2","article-title":"Cellular and micro-environmental responses influencing the antitumor activity of all-trans retinoic acid in breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Caricasulo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Communication Signaling CCS"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101396","article-title":"Targeting Emsy-mediated methionine metabolism is a potential therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-12-1436","article-title":"Her2-associated radioresistance of breast cancer stem cells isolated from Her2-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"18","author":"Duru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.39.1540","article-title":"Phase I pharmacologic and pharmacodynamic study of the gamma secretase (Notch) inhibitor Mk-0752 in adult patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"30","author":"Krop","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01536-y","article-title":"Nanomedicine in cancer therapy","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-019-0330-9","article-title":"Cell membrane coating technology: A promising strategy for biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Micro Lett"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2014.356","article-title":"Passive targeting of nanoparticles to cancer: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Bazak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.3070","article-title":"Nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapies: An innovative strategy","volume":"37","author":"Nasirmoghadas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol Progr"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309204","article-title":"Chemotherapy-enabled colorectal cancer immunotherapy of self-delivery nano-protacs by inhibiting tumor glycolysis and avoiding adaptive immune resistance","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Sci (Weinheim Baden-Wurttemberg Germany)"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202218128","article-title":"Targeted degradation of Pd-L1 and activation of the Sting pathway by carbon-dot-based Protacs for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"62","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie (International Ed English)"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.11.016","article-title":"Treatment of landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate by a three-dimensional electrochemical technology with waste aluminum scraps as particle electrodes: Efficacy, mechanisms, and enhancement effect of subsequent electrocoagulation","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Waste Manage (New York NY)"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000002252","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles in the regulation of inflammatory response and host-microbe interactions","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Shock (Augusta Ga)"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01961-9","article-title":"Correction: Comprehensive review of Crispr-based gene editing: Mechanisms, challenges, and applications in cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Chehelgerdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ott.S195661","article-title":"Impact of Cxcr4 and Cxcr7 knockout by Crispr\/Cas9 on the function of triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-16-2409","article-title":"E3 ubiquitin ligase Ubr5 drives the growth and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"77","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.10.031","article-title":"Breast tumor heterogeneity: Source of fitness, hurdle for therapy","volume":"60","author":"Koren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.784947","article-title":"Humanized mice as a valuable pre-clinical model for cancer immunotherapy research","volume":"11","author":"Cogels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-12-1796","article-title":"A phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled study of vismodegib as maintenance therapy in patients with ovarian cancer in second or third complete remission","volume":"18","author":"Kaye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc For Cancer Res"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.11.017","article-title":"Targeting cancer stemness in the clinic: From hype to hope","volume":"24","author":"Saygin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07576-4","article-title":"Management of chimeric antigen receptor T (Car-T) cell-associated toxicities","volume":"50","author":"Schroeder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf283.1837","article-title":"Immune profiling of radiation-immunotherapy synergy in an autochthonous breast cancer model 4116","volume":"214","author":"McDonald","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae329","article-title":"Impact of radiation therapy dose, fractionation, and immunotherapeutic partner in a mouse model of hormone receptor-positive mammary carcinogenesis","volume":"117","author":"Buqu\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Institute"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.11181","article-title":"Assessment of tumor mutational burden and outcomes in patients with diverse advanced cancers treated with immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200042","article-title":"The abscopal effect 67 years later: From a side story to center stage","volume":"93","author":"Demaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13907","article-title":"The role of tumor microenvironment in therapeutic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52977-0","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals immune features of treatment response to neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02586-y","article-title":"Uda-Seq: Universal droplet microfluidics-based combinatorial indexing for massive-scale multimodal single-cell sequencing","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1379986","article-title":"Innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome radioresistance in breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14259-w","article-title":"Stacking classifiers based on integrated machine learning model: Fusion of ct radiomics and clinical biomarkers to predict lymph node metastasis in locally advanced gastric cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Ling","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01631-2","article-title":"Prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy in breast cancer: Integrating multimodal imaging and clinical features","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2015.03.011","article-title":"The abscopal effect of local radiotherapy: Using immunotherapy to make a rare event clinically relevant","volume":"41","author":"Reynders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02518-0","article-title":"Exosome-sheathed porous silica nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery of 3,3'-diindolylmethane and doxorubicin attenuates cancer stem cell-driven emt in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-025-00693-0","article-title":"Radionuclide-based nanotechnologies in triple-negative breast cancer: Current evidence and future perspectives","author":"Guglielmo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Imaging"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21358","article-title":"Radiotherapy combination opportunities leveraging immunity for the next oncology practice","volume":"67","author":"Herrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J For Clin"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.01.001","article-title":"Immunotherapy and radiation therapy sequencing in breast cancer: A systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57988-z","article-title":"Dynamic ctdna tracking stratifies relapse risk for triple negative breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2024.100144","article-title":"Exosomes-based liquid biopsy: An effective approach for drugs and therapeutics resistance screening in cancer","volume":"4","author":"Nyahatkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Liquid Biopsy"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11080808","article-title":"Breast cancer treatments: Updates and new challenges","volume":"11","author":"Burguin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13040344","article-title":"Advancing breast cancer treatment: The role of immunotherapy and cancer vaccines in overcoming therapeutic challenges","volume":"13","author":"Palma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(17)30074-8","article-title":"Irecist: Guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics","volume":"18","author":"Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04278-5","article-title":"Multi-omic machine learning predictor of breast cancer therapy response","volume":"601","author":"Sammut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: The convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12291","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"42","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (London England)"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30306-7","article-title":"Reversing insufficient photothermal therapy-induced tumor relapse and metastasis by regulating cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0423-5","article-title":"Methionine is a metabolic dependency of tumor-initiating cells","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786163\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:44:21Z","timestamp":1788929061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786163\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":217,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1786163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"1786163"}}