{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:40:04Z","timestamp":1793173204944,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-064824, INV-076862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-064824, INV-076862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-23-C-0009, HDTRA1-18-C-0062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-23-C-0009, HDTRA1-18-C-0062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Creating effective and thermostable vaccines is of significant relevance for public health. The Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) platform combines spray drying to stabilize antigens in a sugar matrix, followed by coating with atomic layer deposition (ALD) for temporal control over\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    release. While these technologies have shown preliminary promise for different vaccine antigens, further characterizations of the immune response to ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    -formulated antigens are still needed. Here, the immune response to ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    -formulated antigens is described and compared to a set of adjuvanted liquid vaccine formulations that included Alhydrogel\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    , AddaVax\u2122, and Alhydrogel\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    + CpG. The humoral and cell-mediated responses were measured via ELISA and flow cytometry. Increased and lasting antigen-specific antibody titers following the administration of ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    containing ovalbumin (OVA) demonstrated a robust and durable humoral response. Furthermore, ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    -injected mice produced both IgG2c and IgG1, indicating a balanced Th1\/Th2 response. Importantly, ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    OVA elicited a robust humoral response at lower doses of aluminum than Alhydrogel\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The most striking difference between ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    and the liquid vaccine formulations tested was a greater OVA-specific CD8+ T-cell response observed at all antigen doses tested. Mechanistically, antigen encapsulation within ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    particles was critical for antibody production and CD8+ T-cell responses as well as antigen capture by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the site of injection and draining lymph nodes. To test these concepts in a more physiological application, protein and polysaccharide vaccine antigens derived from a facultative intracellular bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of melioidosis, were formulated using the ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    platform. Compared to liquid vaccine formulations, ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    -immunized mice showed enhanced antigen-specific antibody production and IFN-\u03b3-secreting T-cell responses using lower adjuvant doses of aluminum and CpG. Overall, ALTA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    -formulated protein and polysaccharide antigens elicited strong humoral and cell-mediated immunity, suggesting potential broad applicability of the platform to vaccines against various diseases, including cancer and infections from intracellular pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:42:25Z","timestamp":1776231745000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subunit vaccination using Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA\u00ae) platform elicits enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daria L.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie B.","family":"Caplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella R.","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma M.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena R.","family":"Antunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sineenart","family":"Sengyee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine","place":["Reno, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Weiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine","place":["Reno, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Urbano-Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine","place":["Reno, NV, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary N.","family":"Burtnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine","place":["Reno, NV, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine","place":["Reno, NV, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sky W.","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VitriVax, Inc.","place":["Boulder, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070761","article-title":"Demonstration of Tunable Control over a Delayed-Release Vaccine Using Atomic Layer Deposition","volume":"12","author":"Brubaker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24295","article-title":"Glassy-state stabilization of a dominant negative inhibitor anthrax vaccine containing aluminum hydroxide and glycopyranoside lipid A adjuvants","volume":"104","author":"Hassett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21143","article-title":"Inhibition of aggregation of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant during freezing and drying","volume":"97","author":"Clausi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0195-4","article-title":"Single-administration, thermostable human papillomavirus vaccines prepared with atomic layer deposition technology","volume":"5","author":"Garcea","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-018-4442-9","article-title":"Particle atomic layer deposition","volume":"21","author":"Weimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nanoparticle Res Interdiscip Forum Nanoscale Sci Technol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113649","article-title":"Broad anti-sarbecovirus responses elicited by a single administration of mosaic-8 RBD-nanoparticle vaccine prepared using atomic layer deposition","volume":"28","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.103936","article-title":"Superior immune responses from thermostable, single-administration rabies vaccines prepared using atomic layer deposition","volume":"114","author":"Randolph","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.104066","article-title":"Lipid-free, thermostable mRNA vaccines prepared using atomic layer deposition","author":"Coleman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.06.070","article-title":"The influence of the closure format on the storage stability and moisture content of freeze-dried influenza antigen","volume":"37","author":"Duralliu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adl3755","article-title":"Two-dose priming immunization amplifies humoral immunity by synchronizing vaccine delivery with the germinal center response","volume":"9","author":"Bhagchandani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902179116","article-title":"Enhancing humoral immunity via sustained-release implantable microneedle patch vaccination","volume":"116","author":"Boopathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.012","article-title":"Slow Delivery Immunization Enhances HIV Neutralizing Antibody and Germinal Center Responses via Modulation of Immunodominance","volume":"177","author":"Cirelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00372-2","article-title":"Designing spatial and temporal control of vaccine responses","volume":"7","author":"Roth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12101187","article-title":"Basic Properties and Development Status of Aluminum Adjuvants Used for Vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071884","article-title":"Aluminum Adjuvants-\u2019Back to the Future\u2019","volume":"15","author":"Laera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300500","article-title":"Modulating Antigen Availability in Lymphoid Organs to Shape the Humoral Immune Response to Vaccines","volume":"212","author":"Aung","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1618406","article-title":"Harnessing cellular immunity for next-generation vaccines against respiratory viruses: mechanisms, platforms, and optimization strategies","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2395679","article-title":"The contributions of T cell-mediated immunity to protection from vaccine-preventable diseases: A primer","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000824","article-title":"Generating and measuring effective vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses","volume":"18","author":"Borgo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1081047","article-title":"Functional changes in cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell cross-reactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after mRNA vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Nogimori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004210","article-title":"Particulate Alum via Pickering Emulsion for an Enhanced COVID-19 Vaccine Adjuvant","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Mater Deerfield Beach Fla"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.061","article-title":"The mechanism of action of MF59 - an innately attractive adjuvant formulation","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Hagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400623","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvant MF59 promotes retention of unprocessed antigen in lymph node macrophage compartments and follicular dendritic cells","volume":"194","author":"Cantisani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52687","article-title":"Squalene emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants stimulate CD8 T cell, but not antibody responses, through a RIPK3-dependent pathway","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.08.008","article-title":"Thermostability of a trivalent, capsomere-based vaccine for human papillomavirus infection","volume":"168","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm Off J Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pharm Verfahrenstechnik EV"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.01.013","article-title":"Atomic-Layer Deposition Processes Applied to Phage \u03bb and a Phage-like Particle Platform Yield Thermostable, Single-Shot Vaccines","volume":"111","author":"Witeof","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2023.02.007","article-title":"A Single Dose, Thermostable, Trivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Formulated Using Atomic Layer Deposition","volume":"112","author":"Witeof","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.08.005","article-title":"Formulation of three tailed bacteriophages by spray-drying and atomic layer deposition for thermal stability and controlled release","volume":"113","author":"Coleman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582113","article-title":"Melioidosis vaccines: recent advances and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Sengyee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00724-17","article-title":"Development of Subunit Vaccines That Provide High-Level Protection and Sterilizing Immunity against Acute Inhalational Melioidosis","volume":"86","author":"Burtnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1596265","article-title":"Comparison of homologous and heterologous vaccination strategies for combating disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"16","author":"Biryukov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00222-22","article-title":"Development of Melioidosis Subunit Vaccines Using an Enzymatically Inactive Burkholderia pseudomallei AhpC","volume":"90","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.965518","article-title":"Evaluation of two different vaccine platforms for immunization against melioidosis and glanders","volume":"13","author":"Biryukov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI167955","article-title":"Durability of immune responses to mRNA booster vaccination against COVID-19","volume":"133","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2249130","article-title":"A TLR9 agonist synergistically enhances protective immunity induced by an Alum-adjuvanted H7N9 inactivated whole-virion vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Tzeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107944","article-title":"Measuring of IgG2c isotype instead of IgG2a in immunized C57BL\/6 mice with Plasmodium vivax TRAP as a subunit vaccine candidate in order to correct interpretation of Th1 versus Th2 immune response","volume":"216","author":"Nazeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg049","article-title":"Adjuvant-dependent modulation of Th1 and Th2 responses to immunization with beta-amyloid","volume":"15","author":"Cribbs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00472-2","article-title":"Adjuvanting a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with clinically relevant adjuvants induces durable protection in mice","volume":"7","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35768-3","article-title":"Immune correlates analysis of the PREVENT-19 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Fong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13070738","article-title":"Immune Durability and Breakthrough Infections 15 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Boosters in People over 65: The IMMERSION Study","volume":"13","author":"Viol\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115907","article-title":"Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses as a function of multiple COVID-19 boosters","volume":"44","author":"da Silva Antunes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35021239","article-title":"Vaccines against intracellular infections requiring cellular immunity","volume":"406","author":"Seder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01903-7","article-title":"Vaccine-induced T cell responses control Orthoflavivirus challenge infection without neutralizing antibodies in humans","volume":"10","author":"Kalimuddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01386-7","article-title":"CD8+ T cells contribute to survival in patients with COVID-19 and hematologic cancer","volume":"27","author":"Bange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01316-4","article-title":"Eliciting antitumor immunity via therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"22","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3307","article-title":"Transcriptional control of effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Kaech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1251\/bpo60","article-title":"Effector cell mediated cytotoxicity measured by intracellular Granzyme B release in HIV infected subjects","volume":"5","author":"Mahajan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Proced Online"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.11.012","article-title":"Lymph node mapping in the mouse","volume":"332","author":"Harrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113914","article-title":"Vaccine delivery systems toward lymph nodes","volume":"179","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698303","article-title":"Melioidosis Patient Survival Correlates With Strong IFN-\u03b3 Secreting T Cell Responses Against Hcp1 and TssM","volume":"12","author":"Sengyee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.06.009","article-title":"Antibody modulation of B cell responses-Incorporating positive and negative feedback","volume":"57","author":"Cyster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030649","article-title":"CpG 1018 Is an Effective Adjuvant for Influenza Nucleoprotein","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.05.697591","article-title":"Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA\u00ae) platform provides unique antigen delivery system through controlled release to improve immune response to vaccination","author":"Strand","year":"2026","journal-title":"BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606050113","article-title":"Sustained antigen availability during germinal center initiation enhances antibody responses to vaccination","volume":"113","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.06.008","article-title":"Germinal center enhancement by extended antigen availability","volume":"47","author":"Cirelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00711-0","article-title":"Optimization of an alum-anchored clinical HIV vaccine candidate","volume":"8","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0753-3","article-title":"Engineered immunogen binding to alum adjuvant enhances humoral immunity","volume":"26","author":"Moyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00732","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels for sustained codelivery of subunit vaccines enhance humoral immunity","volume":"6","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01496","article-title":"Prolonged codelivery of hemagglutinin and a TLR7\/8 agonist in a supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle hydrogel enhances potency and breadth of influenza vaccination","volume":"7","author":"Roth","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202104362","article-title":"Hydrogel-based slow release of a receptor-binding domain subunit vaccine elicits neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"33","author":"Gale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Mater Deerfield Beach Fla"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-023-01014-4","article-title":"Immunization against Zika by entrapping live virus in a subcutaneous self-adjuvanting hydrogel","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127024","article-title":"Evaluation of HPV-loaded PLGA microparticles as single-dose HPV vaccine: Insights for sustained-release vaccine development","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adw7499","article-title":"Vaccines combining slow release and follicle targeting of antigens increase germinal center B cell diversity and clonal expansion","volume":"17","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1832","article-title":"Recent advancements in single dose slow-release devices for prophylactic vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1971-3_56","article-title":"Uptake of bead-adsorbed versus soluble antigen by bone marrow derived dendritic cells triggers their activation and increases their antigen presentation capacity","volume":"378","author":"Scheicher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250615","article-title":"Uptake of microparticle-adsorbed protein antigen by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells results in up-regulation of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-12 p40\/p35 and triggers prolonged, efficient antigen presentation","volume":"25","author":"Scheicher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.11.066","article-title":"The effect of antigen encapsulation in chitosan particles on uptake, activation and presentation by antigen presenting cells","volume":"34","author":"Koppolu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00282","article-title":"Bacterium-like particles for efficient immune stimulation of existing vaccines and new subunit vaccines in mucosal applications","volume":"4","author":"Van Braeckel-Budimir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.03.014","article-title":"Aluminum hydroxide colloid vaccine encapsulated in yeast shells with enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses","volume":"167","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.26136","article-title":"Biodegradable particles as vaccine antigen delivery systems for stimulating cellular immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09737","article-title":"Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity","volume":"470","author":"Kasturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787216\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:42:26Z","timestamp":1776231746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787216\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"article-number":"1787216"}}