{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:00:38Z","timestamp":1772517638695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Childhood trauma is a significant risk factor for adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD), but its associations with clinical features and inflammatory cytokines remain unclear across illness stages. This study aimed to investigate these associations by comparing adolescents with first-episode and recurrent MDD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We recruited 170 adolescents with MDD and 76 healthy controls (HCs) between January 2021 and December 2022. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Center for the Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Scale (PANSI), and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) were used to assess childhood trauma, severity of depression, suicidal ideation, and alexithymia. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) were determined by electrochemiluminescence.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The detection rate of childhood trauma was significantly higher in the MDD group than in HCs (80.59% vs. 31.58%). Patients also had significantly higher scores on all clinical scales and elevated levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-\u03b1 (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), except for IL-8 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.543). Correlation analysis revealed that in first-episode patients, CTQ scores were positively linked to scores of CES-D, PANSI, and TAS-20 and levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A. However, in the total sample and recurrent patients, CTQ scores correlated solely with clinical features. Further multivariate linear stepwise regression analysis revealed that in first-episode patients, CTQ scores were independently associated with CES-D scores (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.396,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n = 3.688,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), PANSI scores (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.519,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n = 5.190,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), TAS-20 scores (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.454,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n = 4.355,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), and levels of IL-1\u03b2 (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.264,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n = 2.336,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.022), IL-6 (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.228,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n = 2.002,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.049), IL-10 (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.253,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n = 2.233,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.029), and IL-17A (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.251,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n = 2.215,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.030).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Childhood trauma is common in adolescents with MDD and associated with more severity of depression, suicidal ideation, and alexithymia. Its link to inflammatory cytokines is exclusively observed in first-episode patients, suggesting trauma-related immune activation may be particularly important in initial onset.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:23:11Z","timestamp":1772515391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of childhood trauma with clinical features and inflammatory cytokines in adolescents with first-episode and recurrent major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lewei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruitong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingru","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daming","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00566-0","article-title":"National, regional, and global causes of mortality in 5-19-year-olds from 2000 to 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16065","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.65","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Otte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13445","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders in school children and adolescents in China: diagnostic data from detailed clinical assessments of 17, 524 individuals","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02223-7","article-title":"Towards dysfunctional connectome development in depressed adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2253082","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.53082","article-title":"Association of neural connectome with early experiences of abuse in adults","volume":"6","author":"Korgaonkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003031","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003031","article-title":"Associations of adverse childhood experiences with educational attainment and adolescent health and the role of family and socioeconomic factors: A prospective cohort study in the UK","volume":"17","author":"Houtepen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-018-0962-x","article-title":"Childhood neglect and adolescent suicidal ideation: a moderated mediation model of hope and depression","volume":"20","author":"Kwok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03532-4","article-title":"Mediation role of alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity and emotional-mental processes between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology: a self-report study","volume":"21","author":"Karaca Din\u00e7","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijps.v18i4.13631","article-title":"Relations of childhood trauma and emotional dysregulation with suicide ideation and suicidal behaviour severity in a clinical sample of depressive female adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Kayan Ocako\u011flu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01408-6","article-title":"Interaction effect between childhood abuse and interleukin-1\u03b2 levels on suicidality in depressed patients","volume":"272","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001315","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and somatic symptoms: Examining the role of specific types of childhood maltreatment and alexithymia","volume":"16","author":"Adamowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2022.2047855","article-title":"Relation of non-suicidal self-harm to emotion regulation and alexithymia in sexually abused children and adolescents","volume":"31","author":"El Nagar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Sex Abus"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13056","article-title":"Alexithymia, emotion-regulation strategies, and traumatic experiences in prenatally cocaine-exposed young adults","volume":"29","author":"Morie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.02.018","article-title":"Childhood trauma and increased peripheral cytokines in young adults with major depressive: Population-based study","volume":"319","author":"Pedrotti Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.05.077","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and inflammation: Leveraging structural equation modeling to test the social signal transduction theory of depression","volume":"311","author":"O\u2019Shields","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.11.025","article-title":"Inflammatory mediation of the relationship between early adversity and major depressive disorder: A systematic review","volume":"169","author":"Maayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.07.205","article-title":"Cytokine levels in major depression are related to childhood trauma but not to recent stressors","volume":"73","author":"Grosse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104671","article-title":"Temperament traits moderate the relationship between Childhood Trauma and Interleukin 1\u03b2 profile in young adults","volume":"116","author":"Bock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.12.047","article-title":"Childhood trauma, inflammatory biomarkers and the presence of a current depressive episode: Is there a relationship in subjects from a population study","volume":"158","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.025","article-title":"Depression and inflammation among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis","volume":"277","author":"Colasanto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2017.06.001","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-1beta polymorphisms on brain function and behavior in healthy and psychiatric disease conditions","volume":"37","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-024-02579-4","article-title":"The correlation of inflammation, tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, and suicide risk in adolescent depression","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00012","article-title":"Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population","volume":"36","author":"Bernstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104357","article-title":"Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF): Dimensionality, validity, reliability and gender invariance among Nigerian adolescents","volume":"101","author":"Aloba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.816051","article-title":"Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the childhood trauma questionnaire (Short form) across genders, time points and presence of major depressive disorder among chinese adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl psychol Measure"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000559","article-title":"Factor structure and criterion validity across the full scale and ten short forms of the CES-D among Chinese adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2009.05005.x","article-title":"Chinese version of the positive and negative suicide ideation: instrument development","volume":"65","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-024-00503-3","article-title":"The impact of mindfulness therapy combined with mentalization-based family therapy on suicidal ideation in adolescents with depressive disorder: randomized intervention study","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)90005-1","article-title":"The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure","volume":"38","author":"Bagby","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12298","article-title":"Cross-cultural validation of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in Chinese adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Ling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2023.100401","article-title":"Childhood trauma is linked to abnormal static-dynamic brain topology in adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03532-z","article-title":"Childhood trauma exposure, working memory updating, and exercise experience in adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211029397","article-title":"Examining the associations between childhood trauma, resilience, and depression: A multivariate meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Watters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06369-9","article-title":"Biological links between psychological factors and adolescent depression: childhood trauma, rumination, and resilience","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.656646","article-title":"Associations between child maltreatment and depressive symptoms among chinese college students: an analysis of sex differences","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05829-6","article-title":"The impact of childhood trauma on Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: the Chain Mediating role of borderline personality traits and self-control","volume":"24","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-04732-z","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between childhood maltreatment and cognitive bias in Chinese adults with major depressive disorder","volume":"12","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanities Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03783-1","article-title":"The mediating role of maladaptive perfectionism in the relationship between childhood trauma and depression","volume":"15","author":"Micha\u0142owska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423001591","article-title":"Unraveling the link between childhood maltreatment and depression: Insights from the role of ventral striatum and middle cingulate cortex in hedonic experience and emotion regulation","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082179","article-title":"Association between childhood maltreatment and suicidal ideation: A path analysis study","volume":"11","author":"Berardelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012563","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12563","article-title":"Association of childhood maltreatment with suicide behaviors among young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Angelakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2015.8.2.114","article-title":"The three-step theory (3ST): A new theory of suicide rooted in the \u201cideation-to-action\u201d framework","volume":"8","author":"Klonsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.07.056","article-title":"The associations among childhood maltreatment, \u201cmale depression\u201d and suicide risk in psychiatric patients","volume":"220","author":"Pompili","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1232884","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students of childhood emotional abuse: associations with rumination, experiential avoidance, and depression","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912021","article-title":"Increased levels of cortisol in individuals with suicide attempt and its relation with the number of suicide attempts and depression","volume":"13","author":"Genis-Mendoza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.11.004","article-title":"Effects of childhood trauma on cortisol levels in suicide attempters and ideators","volume":"88","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-024-01737-8","article-title":"The bridge between childhood trauma and alexithymia among adolescents with depressive and bipolar disorders: A network bridge analysis","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.06.033","article-title":"Effects of childhood trauma on somatization in major depressive disorder: The role of alexithymia","volume":"146","author":"G\u00fcle\u00e7","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.03.030","article-title":"Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines, childhood trauma, and executive function in depressed adolescents","volume":"114","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9130868","article-title":"Alterations in the levels of growth factors in adolescents with major depressive disorder: A longitudinal study during the treatment with fluoxetine","volume":"2019","author":"Becerril-Villanueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1447839","article-title":"Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on inflammatory markers and depressive symptoms in adolescents with major depressive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.02.020","article-title":"Childhood trauma and the plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 are risk factors for major depressive disorder and schizophrenia in adolescents: A cross-sectional and case-control study","volume":"305","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1584320","article-title":"Serum HMGB1 as a diagnostic biomarker and mediator of childhood trauma in adolescent depression","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i6.779","article-title":"Role of high mobility group box protein 1 in depression: A mechanistic and therapeutic perspective","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914221136662","article-title":"Translocation of high mobility group box 1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in depressed patients with epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816847116","article-title":"Epigenetic upregulation of FKBP5 by aging and stress contributes to NF-\u03baB-driven inflammation and cardiovascular risk","volume":"116","author":"Zannas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113197","article-title":"Increased notch2\/NF-\u03baB signaling may mediate the depression susceptibility: evidence from chronic social defeat stress mice and WKY rats","volume":"228","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.07.158","article-title":"Childhood trauma and LPS-stimulated inflammation in adulthood: Results from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety","volume":"106","author":"de Koning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.088","article-title":"Childhood adversity and current stress are related to pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in major depression","volume":"253","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.11.012","article-title":"Evidence for a neuroinflammatory mechanism in delayed effects of early life adversity in rats: relationship to cortical NMDA receptor expression","volume":"28","author":"Wieck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1132791","article-title":"Prospective study on Maresin-1 and cytokine levels in medication-na\u00efve adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder","volume":"14","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114317","article-title":"Fluoxetine modulates the pro-inflammatory process of IL-6, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 levels in individuals with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.02.006","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid IL-8 levels reflect symptoms of alexithymia in patients with non-inflammatory neurological disorders","volume":"36","author":"Uher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000315529","article-title":"The relationship between alexithymia and circulating cytokine levels in subjects undergoing upper endoscopy","volume":"18","author":"Mandarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.126","article-title":"Inflammation, depressive symptoms, and emotion perception in adolescence","volume":"295","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787595\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:23:12Z","timestamp":1772515392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787595\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"article-number":"1787595"}}