{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:12:30Z","timestamp":1778825550716,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diagnosing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in children is challenging due to coexisting infections. Reliable\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      methods are critically needed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) in supporting the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System (SPS) causality algorithm for identifying culprit drugs in pediatric ADRs, and to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the SPS algorithm, LTT, skin tests, and drug provocation testing (DPT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case-series (2018\u20132024) at a tertiary hospital. Children with adjudicated ADRs were identified through pharmacovigilance programs and clinical referrals. Tolerance upon re-exposure served as the reference standard to estimate sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 81 children (mean age 9.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.9 years; 46.9% female). Most had no prior drug allergies (88.9%). The ADR spectrum was primarily cutaneous and hepatic (rash 19.5%, urticaria 13.0%, liver injury 11.9%). Frequent culprit drugs included amoxicillin (8.4%), paracetamol (7.9%), amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (6.9%), and ibuprofen (6.4%). Using re-exposure as the reference standard, LTT demonstrated 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 51.0-100%) and 100% NPV (95% CI: 89.3-100%), with 78% specificity (95% CI: 12.6-57.6%). Significant associations were found between LTT positivity and SPS scores \u22654 (p&amp;lt;0.001), and between LTT and DPT outcomes (p=0.008).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LTT positivity correlates significantly with high causality scores and DPT outcomes in children. LTT is a valuable, non-invasive tool for evaluating T-cell\u2013mediated reactions, particularly when DPT is risky or contraindicated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1787795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:44:05Z","timestamp":1778823845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lymphocyte transformation test in pediatric drug hypersensitivity: case series report from a tertiary care hospital"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Rogozina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Mart\u00edn-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiorela Cinthia","family":"Due\u00f1as L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoraida","family":"del Solar Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Leiva Castrejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Aguilar-Concepci\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Unit, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mart\u00ednez Feito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital-IdiPAZ, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"International drug monitoring: the role of national centres. 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