{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:49:28Z","timestamp":1787615368770,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low temperatures reduce T-cell motility; however, the mechanisms by which T cells adapt to low-temperature environments remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated how T cells respond and adapt to subphysiological temperatures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conalbumin-specific D10 T cells were analyzed by time-lapse live-cell imaging using an inverted microscope equipped with a temperature-controlled chamber. Cellular respiration was assessed using a Seahorse XFe96 analyzer, and transcriptomic changes were examined by RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 37\u00b0C, T cells exhibited active lamellipodia-driven migration. Reducing the temperature below 32\u00b0C progressively suppressed crawling motility, accompanied by increased cell rounding. At 26\u00b0C, motility was markedly reduced in non-acclimated T cells. Unexpectedly, T cells transiently exposed to low temperatures during routine passaging retained motility under cold conditions, suggesting the induction of cold acclimation. Consistent with this interpretation, T cells cultured at temperatures between 30\u00b0C and 26\u00b0C for 24\u00a0h exhibited enhanced motility when evaluated at the corresponding temperatures compared with non-acclimated cells, with the most pronounced functional difference observed at 26\u00b0C. Cold acclimation at 26\u00b0C was also associated with a marked increase in mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. RNA sequencing revealed extensive transcriptional reprogramming following cold acclimation, characterized by upregulation of pathways related to ribosome biogenesis, RNA processing, transcriptional regulation, and protein quality control, and downregulation of gene sets involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression, consistent with adaptive cellular remodeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that T-cell motility is highly temperature-sensitive, but prior exposure to low temperature enables adaptive restoration of migratory activity through coordinated metabolic and transcriptional remodeling. This adaptive response suggests that temperature actively regulates immune cell dynamics rather than serving solely as an environmental constraint and provides new insight into temperature-dependent immune regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:06:35Z","timestamp":1775801195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adaptive restoration of T-cell motility by cold acclimation through metabolic and transcriptional remodeling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Hattori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University","place":["Sapporo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriyoshi","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University","place":["Sapporo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Department of Physiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine","place":["Sapporo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Teikyo University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University","place":["Sapporo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5425.221","article-title":"The immunological synapse: A molecular machine controlling T cell activation","volume":"285","author":"Grakoui","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1245","article-title":"T-cell-antigen recognition and the immunological synapse","volume":"3","author":"Huppa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0161","article-title":"The immunological synapse","volume":"2","author":"Dustin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306407101","article-title":"T cell repertoire scanning is promoted by dynamic dendritic cell behavior and random T cell motility in the lymph node","volume":"101","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.212","article-title":"Interstitial leukocyte migration and immune function","volume":"9","author":"Friedl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.16","article-title":"T cell migration, search strategies and mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Krummel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00207.2015","article-title":"Hypoxia: a key player in antitumor immune response. 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