{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:13:20Z","timestamp":1788401600603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016302","name":"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 boosters restore waning immunity. After demonstrating non-inferiority of 15 \u03bcg versus 30 \u03bcg BNT162b2 at 28 days in Mongolian adults, we assessed 24-month immunogenicity and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomised, controlled trial, adults primed with ChAdOx1-S, BBIBP-CorV, or Gam-COVID-Vac were assigned (1:1) to 15 \u03bcg or 30 \u03bcg BNT162b2. Anti-spike IgG, surrogate virus neutralisation (sVNT) against Wuhan-Hu-1 and Omicron BA.1, and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) release assays (Ag1\/Ag2) were assessed to 24 months. SARS-CoV-2 infections and serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05265065.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 601 participants, 520 (86.5%) completed follow-up. IgG and IFN-\u03b3 responses were comparable between arms at 24 months (IgG geometric mean ratio (GMR) 1.06 [95% CI 0.95\u20131.18]; Ag1 GMR 1.17 [95% CI 0.82\u20131.66]; Ag2 GMR 1.06 [95% CI 0.73\u20131.54]). Median sVNT inhibition remained high (Wuhan-Hu-1 88% [interquartile range (IQR) 86\u201390]; Omicron BA.1 85% [IQR 70\u201388]). Twenty-eight SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred. Fifty-three SAEs were balanced by study arm, and none were vaccine related.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equivalent immunity and safety from 15 \u03bcg and 30 \u03bcg BNT162b2 boosters support fractional dosing as a cost-saving strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05265065<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier NCT05265065.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:43:53Z","timestamp":1774248233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fractional BNT162b2 boosters induce durable immune responses after non-mRNA priming in Mongolia: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tsetsegsaikhan","family":"Batmunkh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Communicable Diseases","place":["Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor FG","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of 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D","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity, and Global Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otgonbold","family":"Jamiyandorj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Health Department","place":["Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khulan","family":"Javkhlantugs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayangol District Health Centre, Bayangol District","place":["Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarantsetseg","family":"Jigjidsuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, First Central Hospital of Mongolia","place":["Ulaanbaatar, 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