{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:10:06Z","timestamp":1793725806915,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis, and the clinical responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remain limited. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays an important role in HCC progression through the gut-liver axis. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which polysaccharide-gut microbiota interactions reshape the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in HCC, and discusses the translational potential and challenges of this emerging therapeutic axis. Specifically, gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes chronic hepatic inflammation and immunosuppression through metabolites such as lipopolysaccharide, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids. As biocompatible prebiotics, natural polysaccharides can selectively enrich beneficial gut bacteria, including Bacteroides and Akkermansia, promote the production of immunoregulatory metabolites, and regulate key signaling pathways such as TLR\/NF-\u03baB, bile acid-FXR, and PD-1\/PD-L1. Nanopolysaccharides designed to improve tumor-targeting efficiency are also being explored in preclinical studies for HCC. Despite the therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota-polysaccharide-liver TME axis, several challenges remain, including polysaccharide structural heterogeneity, unclear microbiota-immune causal relationships, and undefined safe dose windows. Overall, this review provides an integrated overview of polysaccharide-based modulation of the HCC immune microenvironment and may offer insights for the development of more precise therapeutic strategies according to HCC etiological heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:36:48Z","timestamp":1780897008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Polysaccharides-gut microbiota interaction: mechanisms regulating the hepatocellular carcinoma immune microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate School, The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University","place":["Ganzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Pingxiang People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-336317","article-title":"Epigenetic therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: emerging clinical tools and applications","volume":"74","author":"Bueloni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-01021-z","article-title":"Current and emerging strategies for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Yeo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202504647","article-title":"Dual-targeting peptide assembly probe for precise detection of biomarkers of circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70018","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview of the current and evolving therapeutic landscape for clinicians","volume":"75","author":"Moris","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J For Clin"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-61238-1_10","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: surgical management and evolving therapies","volume":"192","author":"Eguia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v15.i5.97570","article-title":"Downstaging of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma followed by liver transplantation using immune checkpoint inhibitors: where do we stand","volume":"15","author":"Pahari","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Gastrointestinal Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12723","article-title":"Tissue biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"102","author":"Davoudi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d5tb01133g","article-title":"Advances in three-dimensional hydrogel networks for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Mamidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393270","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081797","article-title":"Gut microbiota, deranged immunity, and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Scarpellini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135566","article-title":"Polysaccharide-mediated modulation of gut microbiota in the treatment of liver diseases: promising approach with significant challenges","volume":"280","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172834","article-title":"Influence of Northern wild rice on gut dysbiosis and short chain fatty acids: correlation with metabolic and inflammatory markers in mice on high fat diet","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0857","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mediated gut-liver axis: a breakthrough point for understanding and treating HCC","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000003511","article-title":"The landscape of gut microbiota in hepatocarcinogenesis: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions","volume":"30","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.08.002","article-title":"TLR-based therapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"85","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2486519","article-title":"Gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: immune microenvironment remodeling and gut microbiota modification","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.08.014","article-title":"Rational bioengineering of polysaccharide in designing of microbiome modulation","volume":"43","author":"Moon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123209","article-title":"Correlation between the structures of natural polysaccharides and their properties in regulating gut microbiota: current understanding and beyond","volume":"352","author":"Keung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-55845-7","article-title":"Selective utilization of medicinal polysaccharides by human gut Bacteroides and Parabacteroides species","volume":"16","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114070","article-title":"Polysaccharide-functionalized drug delivery system for metastatic cancer therapy","volume":"386","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10822-6","article-title":"Regulatory role of gut microbiota in immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.01.002","article-title":"Gut microbiota: a new piece in understanding hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"474","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1362159","article-title":"RNA mC methylation: a potential modulator of innate immune pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.10.046","article-title":"Induction of inflammatory macrophages in the gut and extra-gut tissues by colitis-mediated Escherichia coli","volume":"21","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051203","article-title":"Gut microbiota crosstalk with resident macrophages and their role in invasive amebic colitis and giardiasis-review","volume":"11","author":"Xaplanteri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020307","article-title":"A special network comprised of macrophages, epithelial cells, and gut microbiota for gut homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2190300","article-title":"Succinate metabolism and its regulation of host-microbe interactions","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0127","article-title":"Improves the efficacy of anti-PD1 immunotherapy in melanoma via l-serine-mediated NK cell activation","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz300","article-title":"Fecal IgA levels and gut microbiota composition are regulated by invariant natural killer T cells","volume":"26","author":"de Aguiar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1407936","article-title":"Oral exposure to high concentrations of polystyrene microplastics alters the intestinal environment and metabolic outcomes in mice","volume":"15","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1051330","article-title":"Role of microbes in colorectal cancer therapy: cross-talk between the microbiome and tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042022-025619","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in the etiopathogenesis of colon cancer","volume":"86","author":"El Tekle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12867","article-title":"Harnessing the power of regulatory T-cells to control autoimmune diabetes: overview and perspective","volume":"153","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31312-5","article-title":"Imbalanced gut microbiota fuels hepatocellular carcinoma development by shaping the hepatic inflammatory microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.4098","article-title":"Immune landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma: from dysregulation of the immune responses to the potential immunotherapies","volume":"42","author":"Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1504948","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000003851","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mediated oncogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma: a new avenue for therapeutic intervention","volume":"33","author":"Ramesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2902067","article-title":"Gut microbiome and cancer: from cancer development to therapeutics with a special focus on hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Acharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02413-z","article-title":"Roles of the gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: from the gut dysbiosis to the intratumoral microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmicr.2025.100428","article-title":"Intratumor sp. drives DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating gut microbiota and angiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Res Microb Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20422-7","article-title":"Gut microbiota impact on the peripheral immune response in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Behary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.11.002","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis associates hepatocellular carcinoma via the gut-liver axis","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Dis Int"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01458","article-title":"Analysis of the relationship between the degree of dysbiosis in gut microbiota and prognosis at different stages of primary hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0000000000001883","article-title":"Inflammatory milieu related to dysbiotic gut microbiota promotes tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2016.01.077","article-title":"Profile of gut microbiota associated with the presence of hepatocellular cancer in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Gr\u0105t","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0053-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota bile acid metabolism controls cancer immunosurveillance","volume":"16","author":"Dart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl4100","article-title":"Bile acid synthesis impedes tumor-specific T cell responses during HCC","volume":"387","author":"Varanasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116945","article-title":"Enhancing NKT cell-mediated immunity against hepatocellular carcinoma: role of XYXD in promoting primary bile acid synthesis and improving gut microbiota","volume":"318","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1047570","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila suppressing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated tumorigenesis through CXCR6 natural killer T cells","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00809-4","article-title":"Deconjugating taurocholic acid with Bifidobacterium to mitigate obesity-driven cancer progression by restoring CD8 T-cell infiltration","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.07.012","article-title":"Tumor-resident probiotic Clostridium butyricum improves aPD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer models by inhibiting IL-6-mediated immunosuppression","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101478","article-title":"Modulating gut microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: Harnessing microbes to enhance treatment efficacy","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2519706","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite butyrate suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth via CXCL11-dependent enhancement of natural killer cell infiltration","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32449","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulate group 3 innate lymphoid cells in HCC","volume":"77","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01274-x","article-title":"Machine learning identifies SRD5A3 as a propionate-related prognostic biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00960-3","article-title":"Bifidobacterium boosts anti-PD-1 effectiveness through JAK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Huo","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02447-4","article-title":"Gpr109A in TAMs promoted hepatocellular carcinoma via increasing PKA\/PPAR\u03b3\/MerTK\/IL-10\/TGF\u03b2 induced M2c polarization","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL36971","article-title":"METTL3-Driven m6A Modification of Cpt1a Gene in High Fat Diet Related Liver Cancer Tumor Macrophages Facilitates Type II Macrophage Differentiation","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-018-1312-y","article-title":"M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages facilitated migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCC cells via the TLR4\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.018","article-title":"HBV inhibits LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1\u03b2 production via suppressing the NF-\u03baB pathway and ROS production","volume":"66","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl7209","article-title":"Gasdermin D-mediated release of IL-33 from senescent hepatic stellate cells promotes obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102370","article-title":"Phocaeicola vulgatus induces immunotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma via reducing indoleacetic acid production","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33285-x","article-title":"USP14 promotes tryptophan metabolism and immune suppression by stabilizing IDO1 in colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s486465","article-title":"Stimulus responsive nanocarrier for enhanced antitumor responses against hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101900","article-title":"Intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila complements the efficacy of PD1 therapy in MAFLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.07.009","article-title":"Reactivity toward Bifidobacterium longum and Enterococcus hirae demonstrate robust CD8 T cell response and better prognosis in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"358","author":"Rong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-025-11189-x","article-title":"Study on the effect of antibiotics on the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors and its regulatory mechanism via the intestinal bacterial community","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Genet"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.06.010","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation improves anti-PD-1 inhibitor efficacy in unresectable or metastatic solid cancers refractory to anti-PD-1 inhibitor","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123416","article-title":"Polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine and their nano-formulated delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"357","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03154-y","article-title":"Injectable celastrol-loading emulsion hydrogel for immunotherapy of low-immunogenic cancer","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123634","article-title":"Multimodal cascade-amplified phototheranostics for enhanced anti-tumor immunity","volume":"325","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.132170","article-title":"The regulatory effect of polysaccharides on the gut microbiota and their effect on human health: A review","volume":"270","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111653","article-title":"Interactions between polysaccharides and gut microbiota: A metabolomic and microbial review","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12010122","article-title":"The interaction between mushroom polysaccharides and gut microbiota and their effect on human health: A review","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133019","article-title":"Dietary plant polysaccharides for cancer prevention: Role of immune cells and gut microbiota, challenges and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715206364200250304034753","article-title":"Gut microbiota and the gut-liver axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review of pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies","volume":"25","author":"Yadav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.873160","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: How the gut microbiota contributes to pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s394503","article-title":"C-type lectin receptors-triggered antifungal immunity may synergize with and optimize the effects of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1120515","article-title":"Association between gut microbiota and hepatocellular carcinoma from 2011 to 2022: Bibliometric analysis and global trends","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092099","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiome to improve clinical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2941248","article-title":"Interplay between dysbiosis of gut microbiome, lipid metabolism, and tumorigenesis: Can gut dysbiosis stand as a prognostic marker in cancer","volume":"2022","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15715","article-title":"Toward a postbiotic era of microbiome science: Opportunities to advance immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Nakatsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5655","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids regulate hepatocellular carcinoma progression: A metabolic perspective on tumor immunity (review)","volume":"56","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1555414","article-title":"The role of polysaccharides in immune regulation through gut microbiota: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04965-y","article-title":"Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing identifies a signature based on NK cell marker genes to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"149","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110675","article-title":"Polysaccharides confer benefits in immune regulation and multiple sclerosis by interacting with gut microbiota","volume":"149","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997726","article-title":"H-TEX-mediated signaling between hepatocellular carcinoma cells and macrophages and exosome-targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo01946k","article-title":"The impacts of natural polysaccharides on intestinal microbiota and immune responses - a review","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2240031","article-title":"Unveiling the complex relationship between gut microbiota and HCC: Opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions","volume":"15","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1183130","article-title":"Beyond cellulose: Pharmaceutical potential for bioactive plant polysaccharides in treating disease and gut dysbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301352","article-title":"A sodium alginate-based multifunctional nanoplatform for synergistic chemo-immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1438819","article-title":"Application of nanotechnology in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.139357","article-title":"Huaier polysaccharides inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma via gut microbiota mediated M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"293","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124287","article-title":"Structural characterization of a pectin polysaccharide from Phyllanthus emblica fruits and their antitumor effect via macrophage polarization in the cold immune microenvironment","volume":"369","author":"Zong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138096","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and antitumor immunity activity of polysaccharide fractions from Radix Tinosporae in vivo","volume":"286","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2112963","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) attenuated PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression via the miR-133a-3p\/MSN axis in HCC","volume":"60","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117401","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide enhances antitumoral effects of chimeric antigen receptor-engineered (CAR) T cells by increasing CD122CXCR3PD-1 memory T cells","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2fo02191a","article-title":"The anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum by regulating macrophage polarization via the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124291","article-title":"A cold-water extracted polysaccharide-protein complex from Grifola frondosa exhibited anti-tumor activity via TLR4-NF-\u03baB signaling activation and gut microbiota modification in H22 tumor-bearing mice","volume":"239","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28072954","article-title":"Synergistic antitumor effect of Grifola frondose polysaccharide-protein complex in combination with cyclophosphamide in H22 tumor-bearing mice","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35855","article-title":"Fucoidan inhibits CCL22 production through NF-\u03baB pathway in M2 macrophages: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404347","article-title":"Manipulating the crosstalk between cancer and immunosuppressive cells with phototherapeutic gold-nanohut for reprogramming tumor microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118891","article-title":"Improvement in phenotype homeostasis of macrophages by chitosan nanoparticles and subsequent impacts on liver injury and tumor treatment","volume":"277","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100350","article-title":"Improved anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect by enhanced co-delivery of Tim-3 siRNA and sorafenib via multiple pH triggered drug-eluting nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.01.048","article-title":"STING agonist-based hydrogel enhances immune activation in synergy with radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment","volume":"369","author":"Ao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202100748","article-title":"CaCO3-encapsulated microspheres for enhanced transhepatic arterial embolization treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Healthcare Mater"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2410474","article-title":"Synergistic activity of Enterococcus faecium-induced ferroptosis via expansion of IFN-\u03b3CD8 T cell population in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129917","article-title":"EChinacea purpurea polysaccharide intervene in hepatocellular carcinoma via modulation of gut microbiota to inhibit TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"261","author":"Jing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136818","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Fructus corni acidic polysaccharide and its selenium nanoparticles composites in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"282","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1629479","article-title":"Decoding the microbial-local immune dialogue in HCC: from ecological drivers to precision therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113866","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota regulates colonic inflammation in fluorosis mice by TLR\/NF-\u03baB pathway through short-chain fatty acids","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10060394","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of fungal polysaccharides in gut microbiota regulation: Implications for diabetes, neurodegeneration, and oncology","volume":"10","author":"Barcan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.056","article-title":"Gardenia jasminoides Ellis polysaccharide ameliorates cholestatic liver injury by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis and inhibiting the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"205","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18369-4","article-title":"Salidroside alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury during liver transplant in rat through regulating TLR-4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.143984","article-title":"A review: Mechanism and research progress of the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on obesity","volume":"311","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131586","article-title":"Interaction between polysaccharides and toll-like receptor 4: Primary structural role, immune balance perspective, and 3D interaction model hypothesis","volume":"374","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.04.097","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4-related immunostimulatory polysaccharides: Primary structure, activity relationships, and possible interaction models","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md19070364","article-title":"Comparative study of polysaccharides in regulating cecal and fecal microbiota of high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00288-25","article-title":"Suppresses colitis-associated colorectal cancer by modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid-FXR axis","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114525","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of Tongxieyaofang polysaccharide on depressive behavior in adolescent male mice with chronic unpredictable stress through the microbiome-gut-brain axis","volume":"161","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1016836","article-title":"Farnesoid-X receptor as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2210\/pdb8hbm\/pdb","article-title":"Structural basis of the farnesoid X receptor\/retinoid X receptor heterodimer on inverted repeat DNA","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Worldwide Protein Data Bank"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16604","article-title":"Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01169-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mediated bile acid transformations regulate the transport of aflatoxin B1 from the intestine to the liver in piglets","volume":"16","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/cmar.s324072","article-title":"miRNA-382-5p suppresses the expression of farnesoid X receptor to promote progression of HCC","volume":"13","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Manage Res"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110433","article-title":"A holistic computational exploration of AZD7762 as a potent selective modulator of LXR\u03b1, LXR\u03b2 and FXR: An underexplored pathway in cancer therapeutics","volume":"194","author":"Singha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62956-8","article-title":"Cholecystectomy-related gut microbiota dysbiosis exacerbates colorectal tumorigenesis","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000001523","article-title":"FXR splicing by SF3B3 promotes MYC-driven hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.711448","article-title":"Norcholic acid promotes tumor progression and immune escape by regulating farnesoid X receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1638352","article-title":"Interplay between bile acids, gut microbiota, and the tumor immune microenvironment: mechanistic insights and therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c01360","article-title":"Manipulating Liver Bile Acid Signaling by Nanodelivery of Bile Acid Receptor Modulators for Liver Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147728","article-title":"Natural plant polysaccharides drive multidimensional metabolic homeostasis via the gut microbiota metabolite host axis","volume":"329","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2fo01252a","article-title":"Targeting gut microbial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) by diet supplements: new insights into dietary modulation of human health","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10299-7","article-title":"Abnormal bile acid-microbiota crosstalk promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.139063","article-title":"The structure-function relationships and interaction between polysaccharides and intestinal microbiota: A review","volume":"291","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.160","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of different molecular weight konjac glucomannans via intestinal microbiota and SCFAs mediated mechanism","volume":"234","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.11.027","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and colorectal cancer: Ready for clinical translation","volume":"526","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2022.36.s1.0r697","article-title":"RGS4 mediates catecholaminergic inhibition of short-chain fatty acid receptor FFAR3 signaling & function in cardiomyocytes","volume":"36","author":"Carbone","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110539","article-title":"Key signals produced by gut microbiota associated with metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and brain functions","volume":"26","author":"Dicks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103569","article-title":"Fatty acids as histone deacetylase inhibitors: Old biochemistry tales in a new life sciences town","volume":"28","author":"Ediriweera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01284-6","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid-mediated epigenetic modulation of inflammatory T cells in vitro","volume":"13","author":"McBride","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Delivery Trans Res"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115821","article-title":"Gut microbiome metabolites in lung cancer: The emerging importance of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"168","author":"Bishoyi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.785455","article-title":"Extraction, structural characterization, and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity of polysaccharides from Meyer","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185978","article-title":"The chemical profiling and anticancer potential of functional polysaccharides from Flos Sophorae Immaturus","volume":"27","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24512","article-title":"Research progress of gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05144-z","article-title":"BCLAF1 binds SPOP to stabilize PD-L1 and promotes the development and immune escape of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"81","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712351","article-title":"Case report: Complete response of primary massive hepatocellular carcinoma to anti-programmed death ligand-1 antibody following progression on anti-programmed death-1 antibody","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091226","article-title":"PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma: Relationship with macrophages infiltration and inflammatory response activity","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v13.i11.1725","article-title":"Shuyu pills inhibit immune escape and enhance chemosensitization in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastrointestinal Oncol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122361","article-title":"Norcantharidin liposome emulsion hybrid delivery system enhances PD-1\/PD-L1 immunotherapy by agonizing the non-canonical NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"628","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0278","article-title":"Synergistic effects of AAGL and anti-PD-1 on hepatocellular carcinoma through lymphocyte recruitment to the liver","volume":"18","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v17.i9.109824","article-title":"Immune checkpoint molecules signal regulatory protein alpha in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastrointestinal Oncol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15475","article-title":"Programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Mou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1323581","article-title":"The current status and future of PD-L1 in HCC","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovae121","article-title":"Modulating gut microbiota for treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea from Clostridium difficile infection: Insights from Lizhong decoction and its polysaccharide component","volume":"77","author":"Rong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c00493","article-title":"Advances in plant polysaccharides as antiaging agents: Effects and signaling mechanisms","volume":"71","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155875","article-title":"New insights into signaling pathways of cancer prevention effects of polysaccharides from edible and medicinal mushrooms","volume":"132","author":"Randeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127108","article-title":"Moringa oleifera leaf polysaccharide regulates fecal microbiota and colonic transcriptome in calves","volume":"253","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11050366","article-title":"The hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide gels based on IR\/IRS-2\/PI3k\/Akt\/Glut4 and glycometabolism signaling pathways in HepG2 cells","volume":"11","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000001446","article-title":"Distinct gut microbiota but common metabolomic signatures between viral and MASLD HCC contribute to outcomes of combination immunotherapy","volume":"82","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.100969","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates food allergy in neonatal mice via the PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway and change of the microbiota composition","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1598436","article-title":"Tumor-suppressing multi-enterobacteria and PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor combination improves the outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma therapy","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1366131","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a prognostic biomarker for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"15","author":"Xin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34118","article-title":"Dynamic microbiome and metabolome analyses reveal the interaction between gut microbiota and anti-PD-1 based immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"151","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md23100384","article-title":"Progress in the application of marine polysaccharide drug delivery systems in tumor immunotherapy: Multiple mechanisms and material forms","volume":"23","author":"Cha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157169","article-title":"Decoding the lactylation landscape: Implications for tumor microenvironment remodeling and marine algal saccharide-based therapeutic interventions","volume":"147","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30132792","article-title":"Recent advances in the mechanisms and applications of polysaccharides in HCC treatment: An overview","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89137-3","article-title":"Hypoxia-activated oxidative stress mediates SHP2\/PI3K signaling pathway to promote hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1496498","article-title":"Nanomaterials for liver cancer targeting: research progress and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313167","article-title":"The role of macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma and their therapeutic potential","volume":"25","author":"Bannister","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jhc.s492420","article-title":"PPIH expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness and immune dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Bei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatocellular Carcinoma"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1581098","article-title":"Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms and advances","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-24-876","article-title":"Slamming hepatocellular carcinoma: Targeting immunosuppressive macrophages via SLAMF7 reprograms the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Bruneau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans Cancer Res"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyae187","article-title":"Chronological changes in etiology, pathological and imaging findings in primary HCC from 2001 to 2020","volume":"55","author":"Tsuzaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.12659\/aot.918150","article-title":"Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplant: A single-center experience","volume":"24","author":"Zeair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Transplant"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.109012","article-title":"Galactomannan tetrasaccharide targets mannose receptor to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma growth through ROS\/JNK signaling-induced apoptosis and ROS-mediated autophagy-dependent cell death","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2025.063719","article-title":"Advances in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135181","article-title":"Anti-liver cancer effects and mechanisms and its application in nano DDS of polysaccharides: A review","volume":"279","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1077191","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment as a New Target for Tumor Immunotherapy of Polysaccharides","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpta.2024.100567","article-title":"Gut microbiota and its metabolites: A potential approach for traditional Chinese medicine-derived non-starch polysaccharides to delay aging and prevent age-related diseases\u2013a review","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01406-7","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in anticancer therapy: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104767","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota, antibiotics, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with cancer: A narrative review with biological and clinical aspects","volume":"212","author":"Wekking","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol\/Hematol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01946-6","article-title":"A systematic framework for understanding the microbiome in human health and disease: From basic principles to clinical translation","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL43853","article-title":"Notch1 inhibition exacerbates APAP-induced liver injury via \u03b2-catenin and macrophage polarization","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Edition)"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1923029","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789273\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:27:11Z","timestamp":1783078031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789273\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":185,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"article-number":"1789273"}}