{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:06:10Z","timestamp":1789470370791,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive osteoclast fusion and activation are central drivers of bone erosion in inflammatory osteopathies, which are closely linked to immune dysregulation. Wilforine, a natural compound, exhibits immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential, yet its precise mechanism of action\u2014particularly its influence on the osteoclast membrane microenvironment and associated immune signaling\u2014remains incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We employed a multi-level strategy combining\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      functional validation with systematic multi-omics analysis. The\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy of Wilforine was assessed in a Pstpip2\n                      <jats:sup>cmo<\/jats:sup>\n                      mouse model via Micro\u2212CT and histopathology.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies utilized osteoclast culture, TRAP staining, scanning electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence to evaluate cell fusion and protein localization. Preliminary target prediction was conducted using network pharmacology. The core mechanism was elucidated through integrated proteomics and transcriptomics, followed by targeted functional validation including \u03b2\u2212cyclodextrin\u2212mediated lipid raft disruption and immune\u2212related pathway analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Wilforine significantly alleviated bone erosion, marrow edema, and inflammatory infiltration\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and potently inhibited osteoclast multinucleation\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Multi-omics profiling revealed that Wilforine broadly reversed disease-associated dysregulation, specifically upregulating cholesterol metabolism and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathways while modulating key immune-inflammatory networks such as NF\u2212\u03baB. This systemic remodeling of the lipid metabolic landscape was functionally linked to the disruption of membrane lipid raft integrity\u2014critical platforms for immune receptor signaling. Consequently, the raft-dependent localization and function of key fusion proteins (CD9, DC\u2212STAMP) were impaired. Mechanistically, Wilforine exerted these effects by suppressing the JAK\u2212STAT signaling pathway, a central regulator of immune and inflammatory responses, leading to the downregulation of the essential lipid raft scaffold protein Stomatin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study defines a novel immunometabolic mechanism wherein Wilforine inhibits osteoclast fusion and bone resorption by reprogramming cellular lipid metabolism and disrupting the \u201cJAK\u2212STAT \u2013 Stomatin \u2013 Lipid Raft\u201d functional axis. It highlights lipid rafts as a viable immunomodulatory microenvironment in bone disorders and provides a strong multi\u2212omics\u2212supported rationale for developing Wilforine as a bone\u2212targeted immunotherapeutic agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1789493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:49:09Z","timestamp":1773384549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wilforine attenuates inflammatory osteolysis by suppressing osteoclast fusion through JAK-STAT-stomatin immunoregulatory signaling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shaohui","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, 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