{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:43:33Z","timestamp":1775108613852,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a zoonotic parasite that can cause life-threatening illness in humans and animals. The similarities in\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis between pigs and humans make pigs an attractive model for studying human toxoplasmosis. However, the mechanisms underpinning these similarities remain poorly understood. Since interferon-gamma (IFN\u03b3) is crucial for immunity to\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we hypothesized that IFN\u03b3 signaling pathways conserved between humans and pigs contribute to comparable\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis. Using a genetic gain-of-function strategy, we observed that human or porcine interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibited\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    replication in both homologous and heterologous human and porcine cells. IRF1-depleted porcine cells that failed to control\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth could be rescued by ectopic expression of human IRF1, which induces genes similar to those regulated by porcine IRF1. The expression of either human or pig IRF1 dampened\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma-<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced transcriptional remodeling of porcine genes. Additionally, blocking IDO1 using 1-methyl tryptophan reversed parasite growth inhibition in cells expressing heterologous or homologous IDO1. These findings highlight conserved IFN-induced anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    mechanisms between pigs and humans and enhance the potential of pigs as large animal models for human toxoplasmosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1790284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:18:09Z","timestamp":1775103489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heterologous expression of interferon-stimulated genes reveals conserved anti-Toxoplasma properties between human and porcine cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marzuq A.","family":"Ungogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveena R. G.","family":"Chandrasegaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamna","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Grey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musa A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7","article-title":"The one health approach to toxoplasmosis: epidemiology, control, and prevention 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