{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:44:50Z","timestamp":1791233090213,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint blockade has transformed cancer therapy by demonstrating that durable tumour control can be achieved through immune modulation rather than direct cytotoxicity. However, primary resistance remains the dominant clinical outcome across solid tumours, reflecting a fundamental limitation of checkpoint inhibitors: they do not initiate antitumour immunity, but amplify immune responses that are already underway. Here, we advance immune readiness as a unifying framework to explain primary resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immune readiness is defined as a dynamic and programmable host\u2013tumour state characterised by competent innate sensing, type I interferon\u2013driven myeloid activation, dendritic-cell licensing, coordinated antigen presentation, productive lymphocyte priming, and permissive inflammatory trafficking into tumour tissue. In the absence of these upstream processes, checkpoint blockade is biologically inconsequential, regardless of tumour antigenicity or checkpoint expression. Within this framework, therapeutic vaccination is positioned as a flexible immune-conditioning strategy that can induce, amplify, or synchronise immune readiness rather than as a direct cytotoxic modality or rigidly antecedent intervention. Tumour-directed, immune-modulatory, and tumour-agnostic vaccines may construct the immunological substrate required for checkpoint efficacy when integrated before, during, or in close temporal coordination with checkpoint blockade. Engineering immune readiness through vaccination-enabled immunotherapy offers a coherent strategy to overcome primary resistance and expand the therapeutic reach of cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1790344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:43Z","timestamp":1783490083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vaccination-enabled immune readiness for checkpoint blockade"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jhommara","family":"Bautista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.03.001","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade: a common denominator approach to cancer therapy","volume":"27","author":"Topalian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.017","article-title":"Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.36","article-title":"Mechanism-driven biomarkers to guide immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Topalian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3593","article-title":"Pan-tumor genomic biomarkers for PD-1 checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy","volume":"362","author":"Cristescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21349","article-title":"Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point","volume":"541","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.02.006","article-title":"High tumor mutation burden fails to predict immune checkpoint blockade response across all cancer types","volume":"32","author":"McGrail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14011","article-title":"Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients","volume":"515","author":"Herbst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91190","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade","volume":"127","author":"Ayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0014-x","article-title":"Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy","volume":"24","author":"Binnewies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2703","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Gajewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-018-0007-y","article-title":"Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies","volume":"18","author":"Galon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1652047","article-title":"Reprogramming cancer immunity with next-generation combination therapies","volume":"13","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/7864229","article-title":"Next\u2010generation immune checkpoints and tumor microenvironment modulation in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"2026","author":"Bautista","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6204","article-title":"T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"348","author":"Joyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb0821","article-title":"HLA-Shuttle: A system for enhancing antigen presentation in immunologically cold tumors","volume":"12","author":"Hwang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164206","article-title":"Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity","volume":"322","author":"Hildner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.007","article-title":"Dissecting the tumor myeloid compartment reveals rare activating antigen-presenting cells critical for T cell immunity","volume":"26","author":"Broz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.04.003","article-title":"Tumor-residing batf3 dendritic cells are required for effector T cell trafficking and adoptive T cell therapy","volume":"31","author":"Spranger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.06.003","article-title":"Critical role for CD103(+)\/CD141(+) dendritic cells bearing CCR7 for tumor antigen trafficking and priming of T cell immunity in melanoma","volume":"30","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14404","article-title":"Melanoma-intrinsic \u03b2-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity","volume":"523","author":"Spranger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.012","article-title":"Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.12.007","article-title":"The urgent need to recover MHC class I in cancers for effective immunotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Garrido","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.01.003","article-title":"Distinct immune cell populations define response to anti-PD-1 monotherapy and anti-PD-1\/anti-CTLA-4 combined therapy","volume":"35","author":"Gide","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050606","article-title":"Mechanisms of tumor cell\u2014intrinsic immune evasion","volume":"2","author":"Spranger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.017","article-title":"STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors","volume":"41","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101159","article-title":"Host type I IFN signals are required for antitumor CD8+ T cell responses through CD8{alpha}+ dendritic cells","volume":"208","author":"Fuertes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101158","article-title":"Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors","volume":"208","author":"Diamond","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164206","article-title":"Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8a+ Dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity","volume":"322","author":"Hildner","year":""},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13954","article-title":"PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance","volume":"515","author":"Tumeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.03.012","article-title":"Expansion and activation of CD103(+) dendritic cell progenitors at the tumor site enhances tumor responses to therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF inhibition","volume":"44","author":"Salmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705327114","article-title":"Proliferation of PD-1+ CD8 T cells in peripheral blood after PD-1-targeted therapy in lung cancer patients","volume":"114","author":"Kamphorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg7836","article-title":"A reservoir of stem-like CD8+ T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node preserves the ongoing antitumor immune response","volume":"6","author":"Connolly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01557-7","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: mechanisms and platforms","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.7.1.1","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccines in cancer: moving from immunomonitoring to immunoguiding","volume":"7","author":"van der Burg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2373","article-title":"Immunotherapy of established (pre)malignant disease by synthetic long peptide vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Melief","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.004","article-title":"Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Palucka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02308-2","article-title":"Cancer vaccines as enablers of immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Khleif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.117","article-title":"Impact of oncogenic pathways on evasion of antitumour immune responses","volume":"18","author":"Spranger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.43","article-title":"Targeted agents and immunotherapies: optimizing outcomes in melanoma","volume":"14","author":"Luke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02792-5","article-title":"Tumor-draining lymph nodes are survival niches that support T cell priming against lymphatic transported tumor antigen and effects of immune checkpoint blockade in TNBC","volume":"70","author":"O\u2019Melia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.021","article-title":"Intratumoral tcf1+PD-1+CD8+ T cells with stem-like properties promote tumor control in response to vaccination and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"50","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01674-3","article-title":"Therapeutic cancer vaccines: advancements, challenges, and prospects","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00553-7","article-title":"Cancer vaccines and the future of immunotherapy","volume":"406","author":"Pail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503726102","article-title":"Central memory self\/tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells confer superior antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T cells","volume":"102","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00391.x","article-title":"CD8+ T-cell memory in tumor immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"211","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05000.x","article-title":"Harnessing dendritic cells to generate cancer vaccines","volume":"1174","author":"Palucka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Pulendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.06.003","article-title":"Turbocharging vaccines: emerging adjuvants for dendritic cell based therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"47","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2297453","article-title":"Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3105","article-title":"Persistent antigen at vaccination sites induces tumor-specific CD8+ T cell sequestration, dysfunction and deletion","volume":"19","author":"Hailemichael","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im2001s39","article-title":"B16 as a mouse model for human melanoma","author":"Overwijk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1221008","article-title":"Cell-targeted vaccines: implications for adaptive immunity","volume":"14","author":"Ung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22991","article-title":"An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma","volume":"547","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23003","article-title":"Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer","volume":"547","author":"Sahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01206-4","article-title":"Personal neoantigen vaccines induce persistent memory T cell responses and epitope spreading in patients with melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.053","article-title":"A phase Ib trial of personalized neoantigen therapy plus anti-PD-1 in patients with advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, or bladder cancer","volume":"183","author":"Ott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02268-7","article-title":"Individualised neoantigen therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab monotherapy in resected melanoma (KEYNOTE-942): a randomised, phase 2b study","volume":"403","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1176","article-title":"Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"2","author":"O\u2019Hagan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01302-x","article-title":"Establishing long-lasting vaccine immunity: insights from mRNA and adjuvanted protein platforms","volume":"10","author":"Pineda-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02521-3","article-title":"When vaccines reset tumors: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA shots create a transient checkpoint-sensitive state","volume":"10","author":"Chi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1151888","article-title":"Understanding preclinical and clinical immunogenicity risks in novel biotherapeutics development","volume":"14","author":"Sauna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0224-x","article-title":"Sustained type I interferon signaling as a mechanism of resistance to PD-1 blockade","volume":"29","author":"Jacquelot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621363114","article-title":"cGAS is essential for the antitumor effect of immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.019","article-title":"STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing promotes radiation-induced type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity in immunogenic tumors","volume":"41","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.005","article-title":"Tumor PD-L1 engages myeloid PD-1 to suppress type I interferon to impair cytotoxic T lymphocyte recruitment","volume":"41","author":"Klement","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.022","article-title":"Tumor interferon signaling regulates a multigenic resistance program to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"167","author":"Benci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.03.006","article-title":"IFNAR blockade synergizes with oncolytic VSV to prevent virus-mediated PD-L1 expression and promote antitumor T cell activity","volume":"25","author":"El-Sayes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0367","article-title":"Fundamental mechanisms of immune checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00561","article-title":"PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint signaling inhibition for cancer immunotherapy: mechanism, combinations, and clinical outcome","volume":"8","author":"Alsaab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.10.004","article-title":"Type I interferon response and innate immune sensing of cancer","volume":"34","author":"Fuertes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf0683","article-title":"Rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells by PD-1-targeted therapies is CD28-dependent","volume":"355","author":"Kamphorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1292","article-title":"T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition","volume":"355","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adg0539","article-title":"PD-1 blockade increases the self-renewal of stem-like CD8 T cells to compensate for their accelerated differentiation into effectors","volume":"8","author":"Gill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.01.009","article-title":"The right timing, right combination, right sequence, and right delivery for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"331","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-011145","article-title":"PD-1 blockade employed at the time CD8+ T cells are activated enhances their antitumor efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Moseman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00352-7","article-title":"Concurrent delivery of immune checkpoint blockade modulates T cell dynamics to enhance neoantigen vaccine-generated antitumor immunity","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2677","article-title":"Timing of PD-1 blockade is critical to effective combination immunotherapy with anti-OX40","volume":"23","author":"Messenheimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003218","article-title":"Heterologous prime-boost vaccination targeting MAGE-type antigens promotes tumor T-cell infiltration and improves checkpoint blockade therapy","volume":"9","author":"McAuliffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa4306","article-title":"STING agonist formulated cancer vaccines can cure established tumors resistant to PD-1 blockade","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01544-x","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 trial of an immune-modulatory vaccine against IDO\/PD-L1 in combination with nivolumab in metastatic melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0441-y","article-title":"PD-1 blockade in subprimed CD8 cells induces dysfunctional PD-1+CD38hi cells and anti-PD-1 resistance","volume":"20","author":"Verma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-006755","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of anti-PD-1 na\u00efve patients with metastatic melanoma treated with IDO\/PD-L1 targeting peptide vaccine and nivolumab","volume":"11","author":"Lorentzen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.08.003","article-title":"Personalized neoantigen vaccine NEO-PV-01 with chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 as first-line treatment for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"40","author":"Awad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700643","article-title":"PD-1 blockade promotes epitope spreading in anticancer CD8+ T cell responses by preventing fratricidal death of subdominant clones to relieve immunodomination","volume":"199","author":"Memarnejadian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0522-3","article-title":"Clonal replacement of tumor-specific T cells following PD-1 blockade","volume":"25","author":"Yost","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09655-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"647","author":"Grippin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102044","article-title":"Impact of influenza vaccination on survival of patients with advanced cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (INVIDIa-2): final results of the multicentre, prospective, observational study","volume":"61","author":"Bersanelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1806570","article-title":"The hallmarks of neuro-immune reprogramming in cancer","volume":"17","author":"Bautista","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22367","article-title":"Chromatin states define tumour-specific T cell dysfunction and reprogramming","volume":"545","author":"Philip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.038","article-title":"Defining T cell states associated with response to checkpoint immunotherapy in melanoma","volume":"175","author":"Sade-Feldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06063-y","article-title":"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"618","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02894-y","article-title":"Personalized neoantigen vaccine and pembrolizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"30","author":"Yarchoan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-0416","article-title":"Clinical activity of combined telomerase vaccination and pembrolizumab in advanced melanoma: results from a phase I trial","volume":"29","author":"Ellingsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2537-9","article-title":"An RNA vaccine drives immunity in checkpoint-inhibitor-treated melanoma","volume":"585","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.4051","article-title":"Combining immune checkpoint blockade and tumor-specific vaccine for patients with incurable human papillomavirus 16-related cancer: a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Massarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e31829fb7a2","article-title":"Evaluation of ipilimumab in combination with allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with a GM-CSF gene in previously treated pancreatic cancer","volume":"36","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-018-1932-2","article-title":"Evaluation of safety and efficacy of p53MVA vaccine combined with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid cancers","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01316-4","article-title":"Eliciting antitumor immunity via therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"22","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105068","article-title":"The role of therapeutic cancer vaccines in the modern immunotherapy era: State of the art with recent progress and future challenges","volume":"217","author":"Rota","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-002254","article-title":"Pre-existing immune status associated with response to combination of sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"9","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002931","article-title":"Phase Ib study of patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer treated with different sequencing regimens of atezolizumab and sipuleucel-T","volume":"9","author":"Dorff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00411","article-title":"Autoantibodies may predict immune-related toxicity: Results from a phase I study of intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin followed by ipilimumab in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma","volume":"9","author":"Da Gama Duarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-021-03716-3","article-title":"Phase I trial of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin combined with intravenous pembrolizumab in recurrent or persistent high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after previous Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin treatment","volume":"39","author":"Alanee","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-022-03314-1","article-title":"A phase 1b single-arm trial of intratumoral oncolytic virus V937 in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma: Results from the CAPRA study","volume":"72","author":"Silk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2016.05.010","article-title":"Safety, immune and clinical responses in metastatic melanoma patients vaccinated with a long peptide derived from indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in combination with ipilimumab","volume":"18","author":"Bjoern","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2165","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade, immunogenic chemotherapy or IFN-\u03b1 blockade boost the local and abscopal effects of oncolytic virotherapy","volume":"77","author":"Fend","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0639-4","article-title":"Evolutionary divergence of HLA class I genotype impacts efficacy of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Chowell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2409978122","article-title":"Peptide vaccine formulations with structurally distinct STING agonist drugamers induce discrete, efficacious antitumor responses","volume":"122","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.011","article-title":"Immunometabolic pathways in BCG-induced trained immunity","volume":"17","author":"Arts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1381168","article-title":"The pharmacoepigenetic paradigm in cancer treatment","volume":"15","author":"Oca\u00f1a-Paredes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.035","article-title":"Oncolytic virotherapy promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration and improves anti-PD-1 immunotherapy","volume":"174","author":"Puzanov","year":""},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.7379","article-title":"Randomized, open-label phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of talimogene laherparepvec in combination with ipilimumab versus ipilimumab alone in patients with advanced, unresectable melanoma","volume":"36","author":"Chesney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01206-1","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses as anticancer agents: Clinical progress and remaining challenges","volume":"406","author":"Appleton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01691-2","article-title":"Oncolytic virotherapy and tumor microenvironment modulation","volume":"25","author":"Rivera-Orellana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.11.002","article-title":"Enhanced expression of immune checkpoint receptors during SARS-CoV-2 viral infection","volume":"20","author":"Saheb Sharif-Askari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00155-8","article-title":"Short-term safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"22","author":"Waissengrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00704-3","article-title":"Overcoming on-target, off-tumour toxicity of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumours","volume":"20","author":"Flugel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113550","article-title":"Neurodegeneration rewires the tumor microenvironment via the neuro-immune-cancer axis","volume":"28","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2008.05.006","article-title":"Neuroendocrine interactions in the immune system","volume":"252","author":"Taub","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3386","article-title":"Circadian control of the immune system","volume":"13","author":"Scheiermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1606242","article-title":"Peripheral clocks and systemic zeitgeber interactions: From molecular mechanisms to circadian precision medicine","volume":"16","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.1081067","article-title":"Effect of vaccine administration modality on immunogenicity and efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-026-01464-4","article-title":"Circadian engineering of in vivo CAR T cell therapy for precision oncology","author":"Bautista","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905080116","article-title":"The circadian clock of CD8 T cells modulates their early response to vaccination and the rhythmicity of related signaling pathways","volume":"116","author":"Nobis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200516","article-title":"Regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells by the circadian clock","volume":"210","author":"Cermakian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39401-1","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular interplay between circadian clocks and cancer pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"P\u00e9rez-Villa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34897-z","article-title":"The circadian clock influences T cell responses to vaccination by regulating dendritic cell antigen processing","volume":"13","author":"Cervantes-Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501327112","article-title":"Circadian control of innate immunity in macrophages by miR-155 targeting Bmal1","volume":"112","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.011","article-title":"Lymphocyte circadian clocks control lymph node trafficking and adaptive immune responses","volume":"46","author":"Druzd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01859-0","article-title":"Circadian control of tumor immunosuppression affects efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"25","author":"Fortin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1691172","article-title":"Chronobiome medicine: Circadian regulation of host\u2013microbiota crosstalk in systemic physiology","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106750109","article-title":"The nuclear receptor REV-ERB\u03b1 mediates circadian regulation of innate immunity through selective regulation of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"109","author":"Gibbs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4477","article-title":"Neural regulation of immunity: Molecular mechanisms and clinical translation","volume":"20","author":"Pavlov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1697200","article-title":"The gut-brain-circadian axis in anxiety and depression: A critical review","volume":"16","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz083","article-title":"Bidirectional communication between neural and immune systems","volume":"32","author":"Kamimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.05.008","article-title":"Stress-induced redistribution of immune cells--from barracks to boulevards to battlefields: A tale of three hormones--Curt Richter Award winner","volume":"37","author":"Dhabhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02704-9","article-title":"Why does circadian timing of administration matter for immune checkpoint inhibitors\u2019 efficacy","volume":"131","author":"Karabou\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2023.102220","article-title":"Effect of immunotherapy-infusion time of day on survival of patients with advanced cancers: A study-level meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Landr\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/OP-25-00661","article-title":"Timing of immunotherapy in practice: Feasibility and impact of morning checkpoint inhibitor administration","volume":"22","author":"Innominato","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01102-y","article-title":"Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: The dawn of cancer treatment","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.024","article-title":"Successful anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy requires T cell-dendritic cell crosstalk involving the cytokines IFN-\u03b3 and IL-12","volume":"49","author":"Garris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12099","article-title":"Immunity to viruses: Learning from successful human vaccines","volume":"255","author":"Pulendran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183021","article-title":"Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system","volume":"327","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.022","article-title":"Systemic immunity is required for effective cancer immunotherapy","volume":"168","author":"Spitzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)58737-6","article-title":"Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors","volume":"116","author":"Morales","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.12.024","article-title":"Long-term efficacy results of EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, and bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate- and high-risk stage Ta T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder","volume":"57","author":"Sylvester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.02.2573","article-title":"Defining and treating the spectrum of intermediate risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"192","author":"Kamat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-018-0042-1","article-title":"Turning cold tumours hot: oncolytic virotherapy gets up close and personal with other therapeutics at the 11th Oncolytic Virus Conference","volume":"26","author":"Dyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45817","article-title":"Matrix architecture defines the preferential localization and migration of T cells into the stroma of human lung tumors","volume":"122","author":"Salmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68565-7","article-title":"Unraveling druggable cancer-driving proteins and targeted drugs using artificial intelligence and multi-omics analyses","volume":"14","author":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-1426-2-3","article-title":"Mechanism of tumor rejection with doublets of CTLA-4, PD-1\/PD-L1, or IDO blockade involves restored IL-2 production and proliferation of CD8(+) T cells directly within the tumor microenvironment","volume":"2","author":"Spranger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.004","article-title":"Cancer-cell-intrinsic mechanisms shaping the tumor immune landscape","volume":"48","author":"Wellenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abm2465","article-title":"The circadian immune system","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12626","article-title":"Influence of tumour micro-environment heterogeneity on therapeutic response","volume":"501","author":"Junttila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","article-title":"Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma","volume":"373","author":"Larkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503093","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma","volume":"372","author":"Robert","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200694","article-title":"Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"366","author":"Brahmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200690","article-title":"Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer","volume":"366","author":"Topalian","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.434","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"118","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.065","article-title":"Genomic and transcriptomic features of response to anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma","volume":"165","author":"Hugo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0277","article-title":"T cell-inflamed versus non-T cell-inflamed tumors: a conceptual framework for cancer immunotherapy drug development and combination therapy selection","volume":"6","author":"Trujillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2015.05.011","article-title":"The next hurdle in cancer immunotherapy: overcoming the non-T-cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment","volume":"42","author":"Gajewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1673880","article-title":"The microbiome as a therapeutic co-driver in melanoma immuno-oncology","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13570-7","article-title":"Bidirectional interactions between circadian rhythms and the gut microbiome","volume":"109","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1654792","article-title":"Microbial signatures in metastatic cancer","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00883-8","article-title":"Gut microbiome-driven colorectal cancer via immune, metabolic, neural, and endocrine axes reprogramming","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1801100","article-title":"The hallmarks of host-microbiome decoupling","volume":"17","author":"Bautista","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1681824","article-title":"Microbiome influence in gastric cancer progression and therapeutic strategies","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1690498","article-title":"Reprogramming prostate cancer through the microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1632435","article-title":"The human microbiome in clinical translation: from bench to bedside","volume":"16","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15246-y","article-title":"The close interaction between hypoxia-related proteins and metastasis in pancarcinomas","volume":"12","author":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-024-00319-7","article-title":"Hypoxia promotes tumor immune evasion by suppressing MHC-I expression and antigen presentation","volume":"44","author":"Estephan","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.02.008","article-title":"Obstacles posed by the tumor microenvironment to t cell activity: a case for synergistic therapies","volume":"31","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1291530","article-title":"Targeting vascular normalization: a promising strategy to improve immune-vascular crosstalk in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919764117","article-title":"Combining microenvironment normalization strategies to improve cancer immunotherapy","volume":"117","author":"Mpekris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.111","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Melero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-28524-1_2","article-title":"Trained innate immunity and its implications for mucosal immunity and inflammation","volume":"1197","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00292-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates","volume":"6","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91190","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3\u2013related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade","volume":"127","author":"Ayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","article-title":"Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors","volume":"359","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.035","article-title":"A paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy: from enhancement to normalization","volume":"175","author":"Sanmamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1790344\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:54:44Z","timestamp":1783490084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1790344\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":187,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1790344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1790344","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"article-number":"1790344"}}