{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:08:24Z","timestamp":1790017704735,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1\/PD-L1 have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy but remain limited by low response rates, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and reduced efficacy following antibiotic exposure. The gut microbiota critically influences ICI responsiveness, and\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species have emerged as potent immunomodulatory commensals. However, the mechanistic contribution of specific live biotherapeutic strains remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We systematically characterized\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium animalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.\n                      <jats:italic>lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      V9 (\n                      <jats:italic>B. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      V9), through in-vitro cytokine assays and multiple syngeneic tumor models (CT26, MC38, 4T1). Immunophenotyping, microbiota colonization, and toxicological studies were conducted to evaluate efficacy, immune modulation, colonization stability, and safety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>B. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      V9 dose-dependently induced TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion in THP-1 macrophages, exhibiting a balanced cytokine profile distinct from LPS stimulation.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo, B. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      V9 alone moderately inhibited tumor growth but synergized with \u03b1PD-1 to achieve a 50% tumor growth inhibition and extend survival in CT26 models, accompanied by increased IFN-\u03b3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells and activated CD86\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD11c\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      dendritic cells. The synergy persisted despite antibiotic pretreatment, indicating colonization stability (8\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u201310\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      copies\/g) and a metabolite-driven mechanism. In 4T1 models, B. lactis V9 co-therapy mitigated \u03b1PD-1\u2013induced uterine inflammation and pulmonary hemorrhage by downregulating IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-17A while maintaining effector cytokines. Toxicology assessments revealed no adverse findings up to 3.52\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>12<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/kg (acute) or 5.00\u00d710\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/kg (90-day repeated dose), with all genotoxicity tests negative.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>B. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      V9 harmonizes pro- and anti-inflammatory responses through TLR2\/TLR4\u2013NF-\u03baB\/MAPK signaling, remodels the tumor microenvironment, and enhances \u03b1PD-1 efficacy without increasing toxicity. Its colonization resilience and favorable safety profile support clinical translation as a microbiome-based adjunct to immunotherapy. These results provide a mechanistic foundation for combining live biotherapeutic products with ICIs to optimize antitumor immunity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1791276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:03:58Z","timestamp":1779775438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Synergistic antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis V9 combined with anti\u2013PD-1 therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Liuqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner 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China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China"]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","place":["Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 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