{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T06:09:05Z","timestamp":1789711745881,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gut microbiota is recognized as essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been increasingly associated with the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in gut microbial composition may contribute to dysregulation of the immune system, thereby promoting inflammatory responses and autoimmunity. Despite growing interest in this field, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis integrating global research trends, influential publications, and key contributors, as well as clinical translation perspectives, remains lacking. This study aims to systematically evaluate the research landscape on the relationship between the gut microbiota and autoimmune diseases, thereby providing insights into research development, emerging hotspots, and future directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Global publications on gut microbiota and autoimmune diseases were systematically retrieved and extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database, covering the period from January 2000 to February 2025. The literature search and data extraction were conducted in February 2025, which was predefined as the cutoff date for data collection, thereby ensuring dataset reproducibility. Publications from 2025 were treated as partial-year data due to incomplete annual coverage and were excluded from longitudinal trend analyses to minimize temporal bias. In addition, a separate search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify clinical trials in this field. Bibliometric analyses and visualization were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R version 4.4.0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3,004 publications were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and 85 clinical trials from PubMed, covering the period from 2000 to 2025. The overall number of publications has steadily increased over time. Citation analysis indicates that the United States and China are the leading countries in terms of publication output and citation frequency. Harvard Medical School was identified as the most productive institution, while New York University received the highest citation counts. Ochoa-Reparaz, J was the most prolific author, whereas citation frequency was highest for Atarashi, K, followed by Ochoa-Reparaz, J. Frontiers in Immunology published the highest number of articles in this field. Keyword and literature analyses identified mechanistic links between gut dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases, clinical relevance, and causal inference as major research themes. Integration of clinical trial evidence revealed that these basic research themes have progressively translated into disease-specific investigations, particularly in type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Probiotic supplementation, dietary modulation, and fecal microbiota transplantation represented emerging microbiota-targeted strategies, highlighting the transition of this field from mechanistic exploration toward clinical intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While previous bibliometric studies have primarily relied on a single database, the present study integrates bibliometric data from the Web of Science Core Collection with supplementary clinical trial data retrieved from PubMed. This study provides valuable reference for identifying research foci and highlighting future research directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1793126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:38:18Z","timestamp":1789709898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping research hotspots and trends in gut microbiota and autoimmune diseases since the 21st century: a bibliometric visualization analysis based on two databases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pengrui","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanglin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Trauma Medical Center, Department of Orthopedics Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01952-8","article-title":"Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies of autoimmune disorders","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102266","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: an urgent call to action for improved understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"80","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210922161913","article-title":"Gut microbiota and autoimmune diseases: a charming real world together with probiotics","volume":"29","author":"Piccioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317503","article-title":"Role of the microbiome in human development","volume":"68","author":"Dominguez-Bello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104055","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis in rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 observational studies","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103921","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus and the gut microbiome: to look forward is to look within - a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Guimar\u00e3es de Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2018.7","article-title":"The microbiome and autoimmunity: a paradigm from the gut-liver axis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71564","article-title":"Dysbiosis and therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Memariani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810729","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and fecal microbiota transplantation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"23","author":"Belvoncikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03264-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus: from dysbiosis to targeted interventions","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/520429a","article-title":"Bibliometrics: the Leiden Manifesto for research metrics","volume":"520","author":"Hicks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40037-021-00695-4","article-title":"Bibliometrics: methods for studying academic publishing","volume":"11","author":"Ninkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7991031","article-title":"Worldwide research trends on diabetic foot ulcers (2004-2020): suggestions for researchers","volume":"2022","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01028-x","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases and gut microbiota: a bibliometric and visual analysis from 2004 to 2022","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12102432","article-title":"A bibliometric and visualized analysis of the global literature on black soil conservation from 1983\u20132022 based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01278-9","article-title":"Exploring emerging IoT technologies in smart health research: a knowledge graph analysis","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.932197","article-title":"Mapping trends and hotspot regarding gut microbiota and host immune response: a bibliometric analysis of global research (2011-2021)","volume":"13","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1533984","article-title":"Global bibliometric analysis of traditional Chinese medicine regulating gut microbiota in the treatment of diabetes from 2004 to 2024","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030673","article-title":"Research status and trends of gut microbiota and intestinal diseases based on bibliometrics","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071696","article-title":"Bibliometric and visualized analysis of gut microbiota and hypertension interaction research published from 2001 to 2024","volume":"13","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2608","article-title":"Control of pathogens and pathobionts by the gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198469","article-title":"Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species","volume":"331","author":"Atarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131816","article-title":"The continuing growth of global cooperation networks in research: a conundrum for national governments","volume":"10","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-2755-9","volume-title":"Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research: The Use of Publication and Patent Statistics in Studies of s&T Systems","author":"Moed","year":"2005"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900747","article-title":"Role of gut commensal microflora in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"183","author":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Integrating theories of the etiology of Crohn\u2019s disease on the etiology of Crohn\u2019s disease: questioning the hypotheses. William M. Chamberlin, Saleh A. Naser Med Sci Monit, 2006; 12(2): RA27-33","volume":"12","author":"Westall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350152509265","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: clinics and pathology. Do inflammatory bowel disease and periodontal disease have similar immunopathogeneses","volume":"59","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18848","article-title":"The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease","volume":"535","author":"Honda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233521","article-title":"Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity","volume":"339","author":"Markle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01771-x","article-title":"Effects of dietary intervention on human diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1279845","article-title":"Evidence for genetic causal relationships between gut microbiome, metabolites, and myasthenia gravis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01374-X","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"398","author":"Gin\u00e8s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59399-4","article-title":"The effects of probiotics supplementation on Helicobacter pylori standard treatment: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948322","article-title":"The microbiota and immune-mediated diseases: opportunities for therapeutic intervention","volume":"50","author":"Fitzgibbon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-025-00123-z","article-title":"Probiotics reduce negative mood over time: the value of daily self-reports in detecting effects","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Ment Health Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2021.100261","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation and cardiometabolic risk factors: a new insight into recent advances, potential mechanisms, and clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2021","journal-title":"PharmaNutrition"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52768\/2766-7820\/2866","article-title":"Role of probiotic bacteria against virus pathogenesis: insight of immunological stimulations and possible defence against COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Abd Elghany","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Images Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00987-1","article-title":"Complex regulatory effects of gut microbial short-chain fatty acids on immune tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0111-5","article-title":"Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Maslowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3713","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Mari\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2516702","article-title":"Gut microbiota in regulatory T cell generation and function: mechanisms and health implications","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092147","article-title":"Human microbiome as an immunoregulatory axis: mechanisms, dysbiosis, and therapeutic modulation","volume":"13","author":"Cort\u00e9s","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/discim\/kyad024","article-title":"T cell and bacterial microbiota interaction at intestinal and skin epithelial interfaces","volume":"2","author":"Maseda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06878","article-title":"TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 inhibits T(H)17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORgammat function","volume":"453","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12950","article-title":"Segmented filamentous bacteria-induced immune responses: a balancing act between host protection and autoimmunity","volume":"154","author":"Flannigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.06.001","article-title":"Gut-residing segmented filamentous bacteria drive autoimmune arthritis via T helper 17 cells","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2024.104086","article-title":"Globalization of clinical trials in oncology: a worldwide quantitative analysis","volume":"10","author":"Izarn","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.899372","article-title":"Preclinical autoimmune disease: a comparison of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Frazzei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1847","article-title":"Alterations in intestinal microbiota correlate with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Alkanani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12015","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Jangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01202","article-title":"Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Scher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","article-title":"Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system","volume":"74","author":"Maldonado Galdeano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","article-title":"You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4","article-title":"Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1793126\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:38:20Z","timestamp":1789709900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1793126\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1793126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1793126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"article-number":"1793126"}}