{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:45:23Z","timestamp":1790984723249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI131344, U19 AI175113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI131344, U19 AI175113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-004096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-004096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sharp increase in prevalence of atopic disease suggests a role for environmental factors, such as the microbiome. Here, we study the impact of immunoglobulin A (IgA) coating of gut bacteria in infancy on allergic outcomes in two distinct populations: (1) an urbanized cohort of Rochester infants (ROC) enriched for allergies (prevalence of 40%) and (2) infants from a traditional, agrarian Old Order Mennonite (OOM) community with a low prevalence of allergies (less than 2%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed immunoglobulin A sequencing (IgA-SEQ) on stool samples collected at an average of 6 months of life to assess gut microbiome IgA coating levels in 9 OOM and 21 ROC infants. Atopic outcomes were diagnosed throughout the first 2 years; 10 of the ROC infants were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and\/or food allergy, while none of the OOM infants were allergic. We also assessed human milk IgA-binding of taxa-derived protein antigens, as well as IgA binding to live bacterial cell cultures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gut microbiome composition was dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , followed by\n                      <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Enterobacteriaceae, and\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Higher IgA coating of\n                      <jats:italic>P. melaninogenica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Pasteurellaceae were associated with allergic outcomes and higher coating of\n                      <jats:italic>R. gnavus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was observed in non-allergic infants. IgA coating levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Atopobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Coprococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were positively associated with infant age, and coating levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      associated negatively with infant age. In non-allergic infants, IgA coating of\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was decreased, while in allergic infants, IgA coating of\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was decreased. Furthermore, breastfeeding was associated with higher levels of fecal IgA in infancy, and IgA-binding capacity to\n                      <jats:italic>B. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a keystone infant commensal, was subsequently assessed using\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments. Compared to the ROC cohort, milk from OOM mothers exhibited a higher level of IgA response to\n                      <jats:italic>B. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and several other commensals. Surprisingly, IgA-binding to\n                      <jats:italic>B. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was partially mediated by Fab-independent interactions through binding to glycosylated regions of immunoglobulins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Differential gut microbial IgA coating may play a role in development of allergic diseases in infancy. Human milk from communities with low rates of allergic diseases exhibit higher IgA responses to infant commensals, including\n                      <jats:italic>B. infantis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1793302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:25:21Z","timestamp":1776662721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gut microbial IgA coating in infants with traditional farming lifestyle and urban infants with allergic outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Scherzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rochester, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Cantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy A.","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antigen Discovery, Inc.","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jozelyn V.","family":"Pablo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antigen Discovery, Inc.","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam D.","family":"Shandling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antigen Discovery, Inc.","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlo Z.","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antigen Discovery, Inc.","place":["Irvine, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rochester, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Rochester, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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