{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:47:25Z","timestamp":1794008845925,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of the disrupted balance between T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells in disease initiation and progression. Understanding this imbalance has offered a conceptual framework for developing novel targeted interventions. In this review, we focus on emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the Th17\/Treg balance. We place particular emphasis on the mechanisms and clinical implications of biologic agents, such as IL-17 inhibitors, IL-6 receptor antagonists, low-dose IL-2, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway inhibitors. Additionally, we explore cell-based therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) and CAR-Treg approaches. We also outline ongoing challenges and potential future directions for translating these findings into precise, immune-modulating treatments for patients with SLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1795760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:26:04Z","timestamp":1776317164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Advances in understanding the Th17\/Treg balance in systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for treatment and management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Chengdu Wenjiang District People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Chengdu Fifth People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Juan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Yue","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Chengdu Fifth People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/7gzsxp","article-title":"One year in review 2020: systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"38","author":"Signorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.09.012","article-title":"Sex differences in systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology, clinical considerations, and disease pathogenesis","volume":"95","author":"Nusbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223035","article-title":"Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study","volume":"82","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rheuma Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103648","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an update","volume":"23","author":"Arnaud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109031","article-title":"T cell dysregulation in SLE","volume":"239","author":"Tenbrock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1425847","article-title":"Imbalance of Th17 cells, Treg cells and associated cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030730","article-title":"The balance of Th17 versus Treg cells in autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2015.1037441","article-title":"Interleukin-17 in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive review","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2018.1139","article-title":"Increased ratio of Th17 cells to SIGIRR(+)CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood of patients with SLE is associated with disease activity","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Rep"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-022-09296-7","article-title":"Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus with focus on lupus nephritis","volume":"70","author":"Fakhfakh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.202.supp.124.1","article-title":"Sumoylation of ROR\u03b3t regulates T(H)17 differentiation and thymocyte development","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.006","article-title":"Febrile temperature critically controls the differentiation and pathogenicity of T helper 17 cells","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108450","article-title":"The role of metabolism in Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune diseases","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106187","article-title":"Molecular control of pathogenic Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2010.51.4.484","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of T helper 17 cell differentiation","volume":"51","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00733-8","article-title":"The pathogenicity of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"41","author":"Yasuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190613","article-title":"PKM2 promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation by fine-tuning STAT3 activation","volume":"217","author":"Damasceno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0801986","article-title":"TGF-beta promotes Th17 cell development through inhibition of SOCS3","volume":"183","author":"Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.01.001","article-title":"TGFbeta in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells","volume":"24","author":"Veldhoen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01027","article-title":"T cell metabolism: a new perspective on Th17\/Treg cell imbalance in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1230264","article-title":"Pathogenesis and novel therapeutics of regulatory T cell subsets and interleukin-2 therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00159","article-title":"The regulatory T cell in active systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006031","article-title":"Suppression of glomerulonephritis in NZB\/NZW lupus prone mice by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells","volume":"4","author":"Scalapino","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-00994-x","article-title":"The regulation and differentiation of regulatory T cells and their dysfunction in autoimmune diseases","volume":"24","author":"Sumida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750542","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: regulation of identity and function","volume":"12","author":"Grover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109201","article-title":"Regulatory T cell homeostasis: requisite signals and implications for clinical development of biologics","volume":"246","author":"Skartsis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.40","article-title":"Regulation generation: the suppressive functions of human regulatory T cells","volume":"32","author":"Goodman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500111","article-title":"De novo-induced self-antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells impair the accumulation of inflammatory dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes","volume":"194","author":"Alissafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1720827","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: molecular actions on effector cells in immune regulation","volume":"2016","author":"Arce-Sillas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155119","article-title":"Low expressions of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 by induced CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs in patients with SLE and their correlation with the disease activity","volume":"133","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1005965","article-title":"Dissecting the role of CSF2RB expression in human regulatory T cells","volume":"13","author":"C\u00f4rte-Real","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13178","article-title":"Control of regulatory T-cell differentiation and function by T-cell receptor signalling and Foxp3 transcription factor complexes","volume":"160","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16767","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96184-z","article-title":"Secretome screening reveals immunomodulating functions of IFN\u03b1-7, PAP and GDF-7 on regulatory T-cells","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06844-w","article-title":"Study on the expression changes of lncRNA in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and its correlation with Treg cells","volume":"43","author":"Bu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00391","article-title":"Altered Th17\/Treg ratio in peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus but not primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"10","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.89","article-title":"The regulation of the Treg\/Th17 balance by mesenchymal stem cells in human systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00610","article-title":"Disturbed T cell signaling and altered Th17 and regulatory T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"6","author":"Rother","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.007","article-title":"The role of serum IL-17 and IL-6 as biomarkers of disease activity and predictors of remission in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"76","author":"Abdel Galil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01036-7","article-title":"Intricacies of TGF-\u03b2 signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022236","article-title":"Regulation of the immune response by TGF-\u03b2: from conception to autoimmunity and infection","volume":"9","author":"Sanjabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3823","article-title":"The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Klatzmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14712\/23362936.2022.15","article-title":"Disturbance in serum levels of IL-17 and TGF-\u03b21 and in gene expression of ROR-\u03b3t and FOX-P3 is associated with pathogenicity of systematic lupus erythematosus","volume":"123","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prague Med Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242653","article-title":"IL-17: a new actor in IFN-driven systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"42","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112309-20230613-00168","article-title":"Th1\/17 cells, a subset of Th17 cells, are expanded in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"195","author":"Tsanaktsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006985","article-title":"Type I interferon signaling attenuates regulatory T cell function in viral infection and in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Gangaplara","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112309-20230613-00168","article-title":"Progress in the regulation of Th17\/Treg immune balance by estrogen in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Hui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1292158","article-title":"Characterizing Foxp3(+) and Foxp3(-) T cells in the homeostatic state and after allo-activation: resting CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs have molecular characteristics of activated T cells","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3464","article-title":"The plasticity and stability of regulatory T cells","volume":"13","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1321228","article-title":"Beyond FOXP3: a 20-year journey unravelling human regulatory T-cell heterogeneity","volume":"14","author":"Santosh Nirmala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","article-title":"Chapter Five - The functional stability of FOXP3 and ROR\u03b3t in Treg and Th17 and their therapeutic applications","volume-title":"Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology","author":"Ren","year":"2017"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1462045","article-title":"Independent and temporally separated dynamics for ROR\u03b3t and Foxp3 during Th17 differentiation","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.10.009","article-title":"The plasticity of human Treg and Th17 cells and its role in autoimmunity","volume":"25","author":"Kleinewietfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21622","article-title":"A standardized flow cytometry procedure for the monitoring of regulatory T cells in clinical trials","volume":"94","author":"Pitoiset","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin Cytom"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01131-y","article-title":"Kidney immunology from pathophysiology to clinical translation","volume":"25","author":"Kurts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1111521","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells in renal autoimmune diseases","volume":"14","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1501783","article-title":"An updated review on abnormal epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112138-20221027-00793","article-title":"Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/968549","article-title":"Pivotal roles of T-helper 17-related cytokines, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23, in inflammatory diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.624971","article-title":"Current insights and future prospects for targeting IL-17 to treat patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"Koga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318762598","article-title":"A case of refractory lupus nephritis complicated by psoriasis vulgaris that was controlled with secukinumab","volume":"27","author":"Satoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17198","article-title":"Secukinumab on refractory lupus nephritis","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112138-20221027-00793","article-title":"Tocilizumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: data on safety, preliminary efficacy, and impact on circulating plasma cells from an open-label phase I dosage-escalation study","volume":"62","author":"Illei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221088558","article-title":"Tocilizumab therapy for persistent high-grade fever in systemic lupus erythematosus: two cases and a literature review","volume":"50","author":"Chaoyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-023-01543-8","article-title":"Tocilizumab therapy for treatment-resistant systemic lupus erythematosus with elevated IL-6 and CRP levels: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648408","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648408","article-title":"Low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Gra\u00dfhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2023.2274574","article-title":"Low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases: An update review","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1165","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and the lymphocyte subsets changes of low-dose IL-2 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222501","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy in active systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPIL-2): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled phase II trial","volume":"81","author":"Humrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.68748","article-title":"A comprehensive review of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus: Mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical applications","volume":"16","author":"Farooq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00707-x","article-title":"Interleukin-2 and regulatory T cells in rheumatic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Kolios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)30485-9","article-title":"Sirolimus in patients with clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus resistant to, or intolerant of, conventional medications: a single-arm, open-label, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"391","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2023-001072","article-title":"Add-on sirolimus for the treatment of mild or moderate systemic lupus erythematosus via T lymphocyte subsets balance","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2023-eular.1349","article-title":"Sirolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of lupus nephritis: Results from a real-world CSTAR cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatol Immunol Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-019-0305-0","article-title":"Low dose of IL-2 combined with rapamycin restores and maintains the long-term balance of Th17\/Treg cells in refractory SLE patients","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033241311330","article-title":"The effectiveness of telitacicept in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective, real-world study","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224854","article-title":"Telitacicept in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211631","article-title":"A pivotal phase III, randomised, placebo-controlled study of belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus located in China, Japan and South Korea","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318797425","article-title":"Belimumab restores Treg\/Th17 balance in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Prete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2018-000261","article-title":"Characterisation of anifrolumab, a fully human anti-interferon receptor antagonist antibody for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"Riggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2017.10.005","article-title":"Anifrolumab, an anti-interferon-\u03b1 receptor monoclonal antibody, in moderate-to-severe systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"69","author":"Furie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1912196","article-title":"Trial of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"382","author":"Morand","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2022-0040","article-title":"Indirect treatment comparison of anifrolumab efficacy versus belimumab in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"Bruce","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-025-00545-4","article-title":"Post-marketing safety signals of anifrolumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a pharmacovigilance study based on FAERS","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.698607","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of CAR-T cell products Axicabtagene Ciloleucel, Tisagenlecleucel, and Lisocabtagene Maraleucel for the treatment of hematologic Malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20651","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20651","article-title":"A pathogenic IFN\u03b1, BLyS and IL-17 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"6","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Mackensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01139-z","article-title":"Advancements and challenges in CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc2107725","article-title":"CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"385","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-026-01779-6","article-title":"BCMA-CD19 armored compound CAR T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: extended follow-up of a phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Hong","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152479","article-title":"Advancing autoimmune rheumatic disease treatment: CAR-T cell therapies - evidence, safety, and future directions","volume":"67","author":"Ohno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szae044","article-title":"Current cell therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Dao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40737","article-title":"Adoptive Treg cell therapy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Dall'era","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1795760\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:26:09Z","timestamp":1776317169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1795760\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1795760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1795760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"article-number":"1795760"}}