{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1789365842709,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While microRNA (miR) expression profiling has identified potential biomarkers in patients with COVID-19, the regulatory mechanisms by which miRs modulate disease severity remain poorly characterized. We performed integrated miR\u2013proteome analysis to elucidate mechanistic relationships between miR regulation and COVID-19 severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deidentified plasma samples from 93 participants with acute COVID-19 were categorized by severity using a 12-point symptom scoring system: mild (0\u20131), moderate (2\u20134), and severe (5\u201312). miR and proteomic profiles were analyzed using univariate statistics, pathway analysis, miR-target prediction, and correlation analysis. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the three severity groups from the original cohort were evaluated in a validation cohort of 94 participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 365 unique miRs and 801 unique proteins that were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in any of the three comparisons. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed neutrophil degranulation, cytokine storm, interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling, and wound healing signaling as top dysregulated pathways in severe versus mild cases, with IL-6 involved in 9 of the 10 most significant pathways. Correlation analysis between miRs and proteins from 93 participants identified 6,559 miR\u2013protein pairs with |\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      | &amp;gt; 0.5, of which 83.6% were negative correlations, suggesting widespread miR-mediated downregulation of protein expression. A significant correlation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001) was found between 122 predicted miR\u2013protein pairs found in the discovery cohort and the same miR\u2013protein pairs in the validation cohort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this represents the first integrated analysis of circulating miRs and proteins from the same COVID-19 participants and separately in a validation cohort. The high frequency of negative miR\u2013protein correlations combined with target prediction analysis suggests that miRs play regulatory roles in COVID-19 severity-associated pathways. These findings provide mechanistic insights into miR regulation of host immune responses and identify potential biomarkers that could inform therapy of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1796638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:38:23Z","timestamp":1789364303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated miR-omics and proteomics reveal the regulatory role of miR in protein networks associated with COVID-19 disease progression"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Mercer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikrant","family":"Vijay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Rong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elysia A.","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinchun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallikarjun","family":"Bidarimath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Ramey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center","place":["Memphis, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando S.","family":"Flores-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","place":["Memphis, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center","place":["Memphis, TN, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","place":["Memphis, TN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Burkhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Silver Spring, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chistian","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Dusio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences","place":["Little Rock, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Oliphant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather S.","family":"Smallwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Beger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration","place":["Jefferson, AR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00009-5","article-title":"Geriatric risk factors for serious Covid-19 outcomes among older adults with cancer: A cohort study from the Covid-19 and Cancer Consortium","volume":"3","author":"Elkrief","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(22)00227-2","article-title":"Risk of severe Covid-19 outcomes associated with rheumatoid arthritis and phenotypic subgroups: A retrospective, comparative, multicentre cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Figueroa-Parra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10344-3","article-title":"Risk factors for severe Covid-19 differ by age for hospitalized adults","volume":"12","author":"Molani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2020-0393","article-title":"The Covid-19 pandemic: An increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Tripathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108172","article-title":"Cytokine storm in the pathophysiology of Covid-19: Possible functional disturbances of Mirnas","volume":"101","author":"Aslani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.166012","article-title":"Cytokine storm-based mechanisms for extrapulmonary manifestations of Sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"8","author":"Del Nogal Avila","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110415","article-title":"Tackling the Covid-19 \"cytokine storm\" with Microrna mimics directly targeting the 3'utr of pro-inflammatory Mrnas","volume":"146","author":"Gasparello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00146-3","article-title":"How Covid-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality","volume":"40","author":"Hojyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation Regeneration"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26232","article-title":"The cytokine storm and Covid-19","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00365","article-title":"Serum proteomics in Covid-19 patients: Altered coagulation and complement status as a function of Il-6 level","volume":"19","author":"D'Alessandro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.008","article-title":"Plasma proteomics identify biomarkers and pathogenesis of Covid-19","volume":"53","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28639-4","article-title":"Prognostic tools and candidate drugs based on plasma proteomics of patients with severe Covid-19 complications","volume":"13","author":"Al-Nesf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2022.166592","article-title":"Proteomics reveals antiviral host response and netosis during acute Covid-19 in high-risk patients","volume":"1869","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169161","article-title":"Combining deep phenotyping of serum proteomics and clinical data via machine learning for Covid-19 biomarker discovery","volume":"23","author":"Beltrami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02364-y","article-title":"Targeted plasma proteomics reveals signatures discriminating Covid-19 from sepsis with pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Palma Medina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.202200070","article-title":"Plasma proteomics identify potential severity biomarkers from Covid-19 associated network","volume":"17","author":"Sahin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.3c00885","article-title":"Serum Olink proteomics-based identification of protein biomarkers associated with the immune response in ischemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123406","article-title":"Microrna functions","volume":"23","author":"Bushati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23320","article-title":"Proteomic profiling identifies biomarkers of Covid-19 severity","volume":"10","author":"Harriott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107204","article-title":"The emerging role of Micrornas in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) infection","volume":"90","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27486","article-title":"An overview of Micrornas: Biology, functions, therapeutics, and analysis methods","volume":"234","author":"Saliminejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.05.004","article-title":"Circulating Microrna profiles predict the severity of Covid-19 in hospitalized patients","volume":"236","author":"de Gonzalo-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02462-x","article-title":"A blood Microrna classifier for the prediction of Icu mortality in Covid-19 patients: A multicenter validation study","volume":"24","author":"de Gonzalo-Calvo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009759","article-title":"Altered Microrna expression in Covid-19 patients enables identification of Sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"17","author":"Farr","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265670","article-title":"Detection of Sars-Cov-2 infection by Microrna profiling of the upper respiratory tract","volume":"17","author":"Farr","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10738-3","article-title":"Circulating Microrna profiling is altered in the acute respiratory distress syndrome related to Sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"12","author":"Garcia-Giralt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.968991","article-title":"Circulating Microrna signatures associated with disease severity and outcome in Covid-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Giannella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23590","article-title":"Differential Microrna expression in the peripheral blood from human patients with Covid-19","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12121964","article-title":"Identifying Microrna markers that predict Covid-19 severity using machine learning methods","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09915-8","article-title":"The potential of circulating Micrornas as novel diagnostic biomarkers of Covid-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Belete","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48227-w","article-title":"Circulating Mirna profiles in Covid-19 patients and meta-analysis: Implications for disease progression and prognosis","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35454-4","article-title":"Multi-Omics identify falling Lrrc15 as a Covid-19 severity marker and persistent pro-thrombotic signals in convalescence","volume":"13","author":"Gisby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09410-5","article-title":"Integrative multi-omics approach for identifying molecular signatures and pathways and deriving and validating molecular scores for Covid-19 severity and status","volume":"24","author":"Lipman","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01491-25","article-title":"Early mucosal Ifn-Alpha, Ip-10, and Il-1ra and synchronized mucosal and systemic immune responses mediate Covid-19 disease progression","volume":"17","author":"Agrawal","year":"2026","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121521","article-title":"Synovial-fluid Mirna signature for diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Nziza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095192","article-title":"Homogenous 96-plex Pea immunoassay exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity, and excellent scalability","volume":"9","author":"Assarsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1238","article-title":"Rat toxicogenomic study reveals analytical consistency across microarray platforms","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043570","article-title":"Plasma proteomic variables related to Covid-19 severity: An untargeted Nlc-Ms\/Ms investigation","volume":"24","author":"Pagani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt703","article-title":"Causal analysis approaches in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Kramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05005","article-title":"Predicting effective Microrna target sites in mammalian Mrnas","volume":"4","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01229-2","article-title":"The micro-Rna expression profile predicts the severity of Sars-Cov-2 infection","volume":"15","author":"Pius-Sadowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64827","article-title":"Longitudinal proteomic profiling of dialysis patients with Covid-19 reveals markers of severity and predictors of death","volume":"10","author":"Gisby","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25191-5","article-title":"The cytokines Hgf and Cxcl13 predict the severity and the mortality in Covid-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Perreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104648","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (Il-6) expression of lung tissue in Covid-19 patient severity through core biopsy post mortem","volume":"82","author":"Setyo Nugroho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.061","article-title":"Mild versus severe Covid-19: Laboratory markers","volume":"95","author":"Velavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15800","article-title":"Disrupted epithelial permeability as a predictor of severe Covid-19 development","volume":"78","author":"Yazici","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.S400985","article-title":"Plasma Mir-150-5p as a biomarker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030440","article-title":"Altered plasma Microrna signature in hospitalized Covid-19 patients requiring oxygen support","volume":"12","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07338-9","article-title":"Differentially expressed plasmatic Micrornas in Brazilian patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): Preliminary results","volume":"49","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01386-3","article-title":"Combination of Wfdc2, Chi3l1, and Krt19 in plasma defines a clinically useful molecular phenotype associated with prognosis in critically ill Covid-19 patients","volume":"43","author":"Ebihara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J ClinImmunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00412-1","article-title":"Syndecan-1, an indicator of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, predicts outcome of patients admitted to an ICU with Covid-19","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12185-x","article-title":"Elucidating the role of Eppk1 in lung adenocarcinoma development","volume":"24","author":"Arimura","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13163932","article-title":"Hitting the bull's-eye: Mesothelin's role as a biomarker and therapeutic target for Malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"13","author":"Yeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020382","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates neutrophil degranulation and reduces lymphocyte counts","volume":"10","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050847","article-title":"Severe Covid-19 shares a common neutrophil activation signature with other acute inflammatory states","volume":"11","author":"Schimke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00457.2020","article-title":"Deregulated miRNA expression is associated with endothelial dysfunction in post-mortem lung biopsies of Covid-19 patients","volume":"320","author":"Centa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2022.2100629","article-title":"Thrombosis-related circulating miR-16-5p is associated with disease severity in patients hospitalised for Covid-19","volume":"19","author":"Eyileten","year":"2022","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2081615","article-title":"Identification of circulating microRNA profiles associated with pulmonary function and radiologic features in survivors of SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Hidalgo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16330","article-title":"MicroRNA-guided drug discovery for mitigating persistent pulmonary complications in critical Covid-19 survivors: A longitudinal pilot study","author":"Garc\u00eda-Hidalgo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02116-w","article-title":"Neutrophils in Covid-19: Recent insights and advances","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23922-2","article-title":"Association of miR-144 levels in the peripheral blood with Covid-19 severity and mortality","volume":"12","author":"Mad\u00e8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043574","article-title":"Role of the microRNAs in the pathogenic mechanism of painful symptoms in long Covid: Systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Reyes-Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.200","article-title":"The noncoding and coding transcriptional landscape of the peripheral immune response in patients with Covid-19","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa574","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine levels in coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent plasma","volume":"8","author":"Bonny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac101","article-title":"TNFRSF1B and TNF variants are associated with differences in levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in patients with severe Covid-19","volume":"226","author":"Fricke-Galindo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.681516","article-title":"Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in Covid-19","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107331","article-title":"Analysis of inflammatory protein profiles in the circulation of Covid-19 patients identifies patients with severe disease phenotypes","volume":"217","author":"Keur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.781100","article-title":"Identification of robust protein associations with Covid-19 disease based on five clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Suhre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100956","article-title":"Bioinformatics analyses of significant genes, related pathways, and candidate diagnostic biomarkers and molecular targets in SARS-CoV-2\/Covid-19","volume":"21","author":"Vastrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Rep"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.700921","article-title":"Cytokine profiles associated with worse prognosis in a hospitalized Peruvian Covid-19 cohort","volume":"12","author":"Pons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.06.012","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the development of potential therapeutic targets against Covid-19: A narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01474-5","article-title":"MicroRNA mimics or inhibitors as antiviral therapeutic approaches against Covid-19","volume":"81","author":"Hum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11653","article-title":"miRNAs; a novel strategy for the treatment of Covid-19","volume":"45","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102135","article-title":"Proteomic investigation reveals dominant alterations of neutrophil degranulation and mRNA translation pathways in patients with Covid-19","volume":"24","author":"Bankar","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2025.15355","article-title":"S100 protein and interleukin biomarkers among Covid-19 subjects with and without pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Koyou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201800169","article-title":"Too many false targets for microRNAs: Challenges and pitfalls in prediction of miRNA targets and their gene ontology in model and non-model organisms","volume":"41","author":"Fridrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.205146.116","article-title":"MicroRNA target prediction programs predict many false positives","volume":"27","author":"Pinzon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103672","article-title":"Integrated miRNA\/cytokine\/chemokine profiling reveals severity-associated step changes and principal correlates of fatality in Covid-19","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.87792","article-title":"Highly expressed miR-144-3p promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of colon carcinoma cells by activating the Wnt\/B-catenin signaling pathway through targeting SFRP1","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02118-w","article-title":"Wnt signaling in lung development, regeneration, and disease progression","volume":"4","author":"Aros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01291-2018","article-title":"Eosinophil-derived IL-13 promotes emphysema","volume":"53","author":"Doyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090803","article-title":"The divergent roles of secreted frizzled related protein-1 (SFRP1) in lung morphogenesis and emphysema","volume":"177","author":"Foronjy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0314OC","article-title":"The role of secreted frizzled-related protein-1 in allergic asthma","volume":"66","author":"Rai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.12.034","article-title":"Eosinophilia is associated with improved Covid-19 outcomes in inhaled corticosteroid-treated patients","volume":"10","author":"Zein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13175","article-title":"Neutrophils during SARS-CoV-2 infection: Friend or foe","volume":"314","author":"Castanheira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864387","article-title":"Neutrophils in Covid-19: Not innocent bystanders","volume":"13","author":"McKenna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02324-z","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and thrombosis in Covid-19","volume":"51","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010133","article-title":"miR-146a, miR-221, and miR-155 are involved in inflammatory immune response in severe Covid-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Gaytan-Pacheco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00849-4","article-title":"Down-regulated miR-146a expression with increased neutrophil extracellular traps and apoptosis formation in autoimmune-mediated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage","volume":"29","author":"Hsieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J BioMed Sci"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56978-5","article-title":"S100A12 triggers NETosis to aggravate myocardial infarction injury via the annexin A5-calcium axis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-169599","article-title":"MicroRNAs in resolution of acute inflammation: Identification of novel resolvin D1-miRNA circuits","volume":"25","author":"Recchiuti","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00174.2014","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a and microRNA-146b expression and anti-inflammatory function in human airway smooth muscle","volume":"307","author":"Comer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00133.2016","article-title":"miR-146a\/b: A family with shared seeds and different roots","volume":"49","author":"Paterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.240226","article-title":"miR-146a is a pivotal regulator of neutrophil extracellular trap formation promoting thrombosis","volume":"106","author":"Arroyo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"The role of interleukin-8 in inflammation and mechanisms of regulation","volume":"64","author":"Bickel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds006","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms collaborate to control SERPINA3 expression and its association with placental diseases","volume":"21","author":"Chelbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800121105","article-title":"miR-15a and miR-16-1 cluster functions in human leukemia","volume":"105","author":"Calin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707224200","article-title":"Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important functional target of the microRNA miR-21 in breast cancer cells","volume":"283","author":"Frankel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.317727","article-title":"Integrin beta4 regulates SPARC protein to promote invasion","volume":"287","author":"Gerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.503037","article-title":"Distinct microrna expression profile and targeted biological pathways in functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vivo: Regulation of ccaat\/enhancer-binding protein alpha by microrna-690","volume":"288","author":"Hegde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.500736","article-title":"Microrna expression in the blood and brain of rats subjected to transient focal ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"39","author":"Jeyaseelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.309","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptor represses mir-17 expression to enhance tumor metastasis in human hepatoma cells","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-149724","article-title":"Mir-205 silences med1 in hypoxic primary human trophoblasts","volume":"24","author":"Mouillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.129359","article-title":"Syndecan-1 promotes lung fibrosis by regulating epithelial reprogramming through extracellular vesicles","volume":"5","author":"Parimon","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1260-14.2014","article-title":"Downregulation of mir-23a and mir-27a following experimental traumatic brain injury induces neuronal cell death through activation of proapoptotic bcl-2 proteins","volume":"34","author":"Sabirzhanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07228","article-title":"Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by micrornas","volume":"455","author":"Selbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706641104","article-title":"An androgen-regulated mirna suppresses bak1 expression and induces androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells","volume":"104","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/807426","article-title":"Micrornas and multiple sclerosis","volume":"2011","author":"Tufekci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002080107","article-title":"Microrna 17\/20 inhibits cellular invasion and tumor metastasis in breast cancer by heterotypic signaling","volume":"107","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-009-9287-2","article-title":"Microrna-17-3p is a prostate tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo, and is decreased in high grade prostate tumors analyzed by laser capture microdissection","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2010.07773.x","article-title":"Microrna-23a promotes the growth of gastric adenocarcinoma cell line mgc803 and downregulates interleukin-6 receptor","volume":"277","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2449","article-title":"Differentially-regulated mirnas in covid-19: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2021.2010959","article-title":"Cellular mir-150-5p may have a crucial role to play in the biology of sars-cov-2 infection by regulating nsp10 gene","volume":"19","author":"Akula","year":"2022","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.147232","article-title":"Emerging role of micrornas and long non-coding rnas in covid-19 with implications to therapeutics","volume":"861","author":"Arman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071363","article-title":"Increased serum mir-150-3p expression is associated with radiological lung injury improvement in patients with covid-19","volume":"14","author":"Bueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091002","article-title":"Prediction and analysis of sars-cov-2-targeting microrna in human lung epithelium","volume":"11","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713037","article-title":"Exosomal mir-17-5p, mir-146a-3p, and mir-223-3p correlate with radiologic sequelae in survivors of covid-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Curcio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17392","article-title":"Plasma mir-1-3p levels predict severity in hospitalized covid-19 patients","volume":"182","author":"Di Pietro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121844","article-title":"Mir-24-3p is antiviral against sars-cov-2 by downregulating critical host entry factors","volume":"16","author":"Evers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.105020","article-title":"Circulating mirnas: Potential diagnostic role for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)","volume":"94","author":"Fayyad-Kazan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2038021","article-title":"Plasma mirna profile at covid-19 onset predicts severity status and mortality","volume":"11","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12092","article-title":"Early prediction of covid-19 severity using extracellular vesicle copb2","volume":"10","author":"Fujita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2020.0428","article-title":"Covid-19 virulence in aged patients might be impacted by the host cellular micrornas abundance\/profile","volume":"11","author":"Fulzele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01154-0","article-title":"Mir-27a-5p, mir-21-5p, mir-1246 and mir-4508: A candidate microrna signature in the protection and regulation of viral infection in mild covid-19","volume":"31","author":"Gajate-Arenas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.899","article-title":"Altered microrna expression in severe covid-19: Potential prognostic and pathophysiological role","volume":"12","author":"Garnier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103982","article-title":"Cardiovascular signatures of covid-19 predict mortality and identify barrier stabilizing therapies","volume":"78","author":"Gustafson","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab338","article-title":"Association of cardiometabolic micrornas with covid-19 severity and mortality","volume":"118","author":"Gutmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02163-6","article-title":"Mirna-223 as a regulator of inflammation and nlrp3 inflammasome, the main fragments in the puzzle of immunopathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases and covid-19","volume":"394","author":"Houshmandfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061091","article-title":"Mirnas as a potential biomarker in the covid-19 infection and complications course, severity, and outcome","volume":"13","author":"Jankovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.5075","article-title":"Host cell entry mediators implicated in the cellular tropism of sars-cov-2, the pathophysiology of covid-19 and the identification of micrornas that can modulate the expression of these mediators (review)","volume":"49","author":"Katopodis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-021-00544-4","article-title":"The relative expression of mir-31, mir-29, mir-126, and mir-17 and their mrna targets in the serum of covid-19 patients with different grades during hospitalization","volume":"26","author":"Keikha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123504","article-title":"Identifying putative causal links between micrornas and severe covid-19 using mendelian randomization","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.78164","article-title":"Circulating micrornas as emerging regulators of covid-19","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.04.013","article-title":"High mir-126-3p levels associated with cardiovascular events in a general population","volume":"113","author":"Martinez-Arroyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.815651","article-title":"A differential signature of circulating mirnas and cytokines between covid-19 and community-acquired pneumonia uncovers novel physiopathological mechanisms of covid-19","volume":"12","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Fleta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.784028","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle associated mirnas regulate signaling pathways involved in covid-19 pneumonia and the progression to severe acute respiratory corona virus-2 syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Meidert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.0223","article-title":"Polyphenols could prevent sars-cov-2 infection by modulating the expression of mirnas in the host cells","volume":"12","author":"Milenkovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.756517","article-title":"Bronchial aspirate-based profiling identifies microrna signatures associated with covid-19 and fatal disease in critically ill patients","volume":"8","author":"Molinero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03135-21","article-title":"Contribution of host mirna-223-3p to sars-cov-induced lung inflammatory pathology","volume":"13","author":"Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109040","article-title":"Dysregulated mirnas network in the critical covid-19: An important clue for uncontrolled immunothrombosis\/thromboinflammation","volume":"110","author":"Mortazavi-Jahromi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120761","article-title":"Mirna-sars-cov-2 dialogue and prospective anti-covid-19 therapies","volume":"305","author":"Panda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2022.2035394","article-title":"Analysis of serum micrornas and rs2910164 gc single-nucleotide polymorphism of mirna-146a in covid-19 patients","volume":"43","author":"Pinacchio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunoassay Immunochem"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02152-6","article-title":"Sars-cov-2-associated organs failure and inflammation: A focus on the role of cellular and viral micrornas","volume":"20","author":"Rasizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101641","article-title":"Mirna expression in covid-19","volume":"28","author":"Roustai Geraylow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Rep"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111413","article-title":"Decreased serum levels of the inflammaging marker mir-146a are associated with clinical non-response to tocilizumab in covid-19 patients","volume":"193","author":"Sabbatinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13388","article-title":"Evaluation of altered mirna expression pattern to predict covid-19 severity","volume":"9","author":"Srivastava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.582003","article-title":"Micrornas bioinformatics analyses identifying hdac pathway as a putative target for existing anti-covid-19 therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Teodori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00716-y","article-title":"Decreased inhibition of exosomal mirnas on sars-cov-2 replication underlies poor outcomes in elderly people and diabetic patients","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58037-3","article-title":"Alteration of circulating ace2-network related micrornas in patients with covid-19","volume":"14","author":"Wicik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.76168","article-title":"The emerging role of mirnas in the pathogenesis of covid-19: Protective effects of nutraceutical polyphenolic compounds against sars-cov-2 infection","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104309","article-title":"Distinct mirnas associated with various clinical presentations of sars-cov-2 infection","volume":"25","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240012","article-title":"Proteins associated with neutrophil degranulation are upregulated in nasopharyngeal swabs from sars-cov-2 patients","volume":"15","author":"Akgun","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113874119","article-title":"Extracellular vimentin is an attachment factor that facilitates sars-cov-2 entry into human endothelial cells","volume":"119","author":"Amraei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105463","article-title":"Vimentin is an important ace2 co-receptor for sars-cov-2 in epithelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Arrindell","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00067-x","article-title":"Cellular and plasma proteomic determinants of covid-19 and non-covid-19 pulmonary diseases relative to healthy aging","volume":"1","author":"Arthur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261","article-title":"Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe covid-19 infection in humans","volume":"369","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20210602","article-title":"Programmed cell death: The pathways to severe covid-19","volume":"479","author":"Bader","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352583","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of circulating inflammatory proteins as drivers and therapeutic targets for severe covid-19","volume":"15","author":"Baranova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109504","article-title":"Systemic il-15, ifn-\u03b3, and ip-10\/cxcl10 signature associated with effective immune response to sars-cov-2 in bnt162b2 mrna vaccine recipients","volume":"36","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.752612","article-title":"Lox-1-expressing immature neutrophils identify critically-ill covid-19 patients at risk of thrombotic complications","volume":"12","author":"Combadiere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.06.026","article-title":"Long covid-19 and insulin autoimmune syndrome: A case report","volume":"45","author":"Corona-Meraz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051459","article-title":"Covid-19: A possible contribution of the mapk pathway","volume":"11","author":"Cusato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.08.002","article-title":"A monocyte\/dendritic cell molecular signature of sars-cov-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with severe myocarditis","volume":"2","author":"de Cevins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26657-2","article-title":"Molecular signatures in the progression of covid-19 severity","volume":"12","author":"De","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040432","article-title":"Enhancement of sars-cov-2 mrna vaccine efficacy through the application of tmsb10 utr for superior antigen presentation and immune activation","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00336-5","article-title":"Sars-cov-2 infection triggers pro-atherogenic inflammatory responses in human coronary vessels","volume":"2","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.758946","article-title":"Kinetics of severity biomarkers and immunological features of methylprednisolone therapy for severe covid-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112420","article-title":"Molecular pathways involved in covid-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets","volume":"145","author":"Farahani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04677-8","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases (mmp) 3 and 9 as biomarkers of severity in covid-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Gelzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.08.003","article-title":"Lair-1 limits macrophage activation in acute inflammatory lung injury","volume":"16","author":"Helou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S454284","article-title":"Integrated bioinformatics exploration and preliminary clinical verification for the identification of crucial biomarkers in severe cases of covid-19","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220418","article-title":"Associations of baseline use of biologic or targeted synthetic dmards with covid-19 severity in rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the covid-19 global rheumatology alliance physician registry","volume":"80","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheumatic Dis"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.714026","article-title":"Associations of serum s100a12 with severity and prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00409-y","article-title":"Treatment of sars-cov-2-induced pneumonia with nad+ and nmn in two mouse models","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319142","article-title":"Disrupted resolution mechanisms favor altered phagocyte responses in covid-19","volume":"129","author":"Koenis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169058","article-title":"A comparative study of the plasma chemokine profile in covid-19 patients infected with different sars-cov-2 variants","volume":"23","author":"Korobova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211028560","article-title":"Secretory phospholipase a2 in sars-cov-2 infection and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (mis-c)","volume":"246","author":"Kuypers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-022-00775-y","article-title":"Sars-cov-2 z-rna activates the zbp1-ripk3 pathway to promote virus-induced inflammatory responses","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091163","article-title":"Potential plasma proteins (lgals9, lamp3, prss8 and agrn) as predictors of hospitalisation risk in covid-19 patients","volume":"14","author":"McLarnon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01814-1","article-title":"Covid-19 infection: An overview on cytokine storm and related interventions","volume":"19","author":"Montazersaheb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101635","article-title":"Elimination of aicardi\u2013gouti\u00e8res syndrome protein samhd1 activates cellular innate immunity and suppresses sars-cov-2 replication","volume":"298","author":"Oo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85877-0","article-title":"Proteomic blood profiling in mild, severe and critical covid-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.988685","article-title":"Blood gene expression predicts intensive care unit admission in hospitalised patients with covid-19","volume":"13","author":"Penrice-Randal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911338","article-title":"Cxcl8, ccl2, and cmv seropositivity as new prognostic factors for a severe covid-19 course","volume":"23","author":"Pius-Sadowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14907","article-title":"Caspases and therapeutic potential of caspase inhibitors in moderate-severe sars-cov-2 infection and long covid","volume":"77","author":"Plassmeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112613","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of circulating immune cells identifies cellular phenotypes associated with covid-19 severity","volume":"42","author":"Potts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.889348","article-title":"Screening the potential biomarkers of covid-19-related thrombosis through bioinformatics analysis","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051197","article-title":"Association of polymorphisms of il-6 pathway genes (il6, il6r and il6st) with covid-19 severity in an amazonian population","volume":"15","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0358OC","article-title":"Tissue proteomic analysis identifies mechanisms and stages of immunopathology in fatal covid-19","volume":"66","author":"Russell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31850-y","article-title":"Circulating proteins to predict covid-19 severity","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-41827-2","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveal heat shock protein dysregulation in severe sars-cov-2-associated pediatric encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Suzuki","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.705646","article-title":"On deep landscape exploration of covid-19 patients cells and severity markers","volume":"12","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.276175.121","article-title":"Plasma cell-free rna characteristics in covid-19 patients","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2589-7500(22)00112-1","article-title":"Development of a multiomics model for identification of predictive biomarkers for covid-19 severity: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Byeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1796638\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:38:25Z","timestamp":1789364305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1796638\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":195,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1796638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1796638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"1796638"}}