{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:02:10Z","timestamp":1784772130008,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Disease (SjD) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of lacrimal glands (LG) and salivary glands (SG). In SG, these immune structures have properties of ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) and appear to play a critical role in disease pathology. While the presence of ELS in patients\u2019 SG biopsies is linked to disease severity, their presence and composition in LG has not been well characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The properties and time course of apparent ELS development in LG from the male non-obese diabetes free (NOR) sub-strain of the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice was investigated at stages encompassing early to advanced lymphocytic infiltration. LG ELS were characterized morphologically by histology and immunofluorescence. Changes in LG gene expression were determined for genes involved in ELS formation and maturation, LG homeostasis and LG apoptosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LG ELS were characterized by segregation of B and T cell zones and the presence of high endothelial venules, follicular dendritic centers, GL7+ germinal center B cells, and IgG producing plasma cells. Gene expression data showed early upregulation of ELS indicators such as\n                      <jats:italic>Ltb, Glycam1, Cxcl13, Cxcr5, Ccl19 and Ccr7<\/jats:italic>\n                      while other components showed elevation at later stages (\n                      <jats:italic>Aicda<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Il21<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Increased\n                      <jats:italic>Fasl<\/jats:italic>\n                      and decreased\n                      <jats:italic>Gpx4<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression suggested glandular apoptosis and ferroptosis concomitant with ELS formation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ELS form spontaneously in the LG of the male NOR mouse model of SjD and can recapitulate features of secondary lymphoid organs potentially acting as drivers of autoimmunity to sustain local glandular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1797691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:50:15Z","timestamp":1773903015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic progression of ectopic lymphoid structure formation in lacrimal glands of a Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease murine model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California","place":["Los Angeles, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California","place":["Los Angeles, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison V.","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California","place":["Los Angeles, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Aksan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta A.","family":"Demianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cintia S.","family":"de Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Edman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California","place":["Los Angeles, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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