{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:10:45Z","timestamp":1792797045110,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007512","name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009674","name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e1ria Pere Virgili","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a major challenge in hepatology. Despite considerable progress in our understanding of MASH, the particular mechanisms underlying disease development and the variable progression among patients with similar clinical risk factors remain inadequately explained. The liver contains one of the most varied populations of resident immune cells in the body. Accumulating evidence indicates that immune activity substantially influences the clinical trajectory of hepatic diseases. Myeloid and lymphoid cell subsets respond differently to local signals, either sustaining inflammation or facilitating tissue repair and disease remission. In MASH, metabolic and immunological pathways reinforce each other, creating a self-perpetuating pathogenic circuit. The hepatic microenvironment reprograms the metabolism and function of immune cells, while aberrant immune responses intensify hepatic metabolic stress. Consequently, MASH should be recognized as an immunometabolic disorder. Immune dysregulation is not simply a secondary effect of metabolic dysfunction but a principal driver of disease progression. Therefore, immune modulation is a central therapeutic approach. Addressing the complexity of MASH requires a thorough comprehension of hepatic immune dynamics. This review examines recent findings that place immune cells at the core of MASH pathogenesis and contends that effective management should integrate metabolic and immunological perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1797949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:22:30Z","timestamp":1777522950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The immunometabolic nature of MASH: framing immune cells within metabolic dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina-Iuliana","family":"Onoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Cambra-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Joven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica Catalunya Sud, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili","place":["Reus, Spain"]},{"name":"The Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia","place":["Tarragona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(24)00530-5","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease","volume":"55","author":"Ludwig","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2412865","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"393","author":"Targher","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0145-7","article-title":"From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges","volume":"16","author":"Anstee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23280","article-title":"Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications","volume":"51","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00317-X","article-title":"Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Quek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/GUTJNL-2020-322564","article-title":"Caucasian lean subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease share long-term prognosis of non-lean: time for reappraisal of BMI-driven approach","volume":"71","author":"Younes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","article-title":"EASL\u2013EASD\u2013EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)","volume":"81","author":"Tacke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001125","article-title":"Bariatric surgery meets TREM2+ macrophages to alleviate MASH independent of weight loss","volume":"81","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.METABOL.2024.155937","article-title":"Obesity and MASLD: Is weight loss the (only) key to treat metabolic liver disease","volume":"157","author":"Huttasch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/S00535-024-02157-0","article-title":"Immunological dynamics in MASH: from landscape analysis to therapeutic intervention","volume":"59","author":"Rabiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02525","article-title":"Liver-mediated adaptive immune tolerance","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052415","article-title":"Immune responses in the liver","volume":"36","author":"Kubes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41574-022-00675-6","article-title":"Macrophage functional diversity in NAFLD - more than inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Barreby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41575-018-0082-X","article-title":"The role of macrophages in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"16","author":"Kazankov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13219","article-title":"Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation mediating treatment options (Review)","volume":"29","author":"Varra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96139","article-title":"Insulin resistance causes inflammation in adipose tissue","volume":"128","author":"Shimobayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.04.006","article-title":"CD36 palmitoylation disrupts free fatty acid metabolism and promotes tissue inflammation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.004","article-title":"Adaptation of hepatic mitochondrial function in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver is lost in steatohepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Koliaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04313.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress in experimental liver microvesicular steatosis: role of mitochondria and peroxisomes","volume":"21","author":"Natarajan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.09.020","article-title":"Mitochondrial alterations in fatty liver diseases","volume":"78","author":"Fromenty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32562","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver diseases","volume":"77","author":"Ajoolabady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102258","article-title":"Kupffer cells sense free fatty acids and regulate hepatic lipid metabolism in high-fat diet and inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Diehl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.280420","article-title":"Death receptor 5 signaling promotes hepatocyte lipoapoptosis","volume":"286","author":"Cazanave","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.003","article-title":"Palmitoleate attenuates palmitate-induced Bim and PUMA up-regulation and hepatocyte lipoapoptosis","volume":"52","author":"Akazawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.041","article-title":"Hepatocyte pyroptosis and release of inflammasome particles induce stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Gaul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140732","article-title":"Necroptosis is a key pathogenic event in human and experimental murine models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"129","author":"Afonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28676","article-title":"Receptor interacting protein 3 protects mice from high-fat diet-induced liver injury","volume":"64","author":"Roychowdhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.449","article-title":"Role of necroptosis in chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of increased oxidative stress","volume":"164","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105088","article-title":"Emerging role of ferroptosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: revisiting hepatic lipid peroxidation","volume":"102","author":"Peleman","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08096","article-title":"Dysbiosis gut microbiota associated with inflammation and impaired mucosal immune function in intestine of humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00237-6","article-title":"Characterization of gut dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and chronic kidney disease: a comparative study","volume":"15","author":"Dissayabutra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31056","article-title":"Increased liver localization of lipopolysaccharides in human and experimental NAFLD","volume":"72","author":"Carpino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.112","article-title":"Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells","volume":"13","author":"Horst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00639-3","article-title":"Immune cell-mediated features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Huby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149641","article-title":"The \u201cDomino effect\u201d in MASLD: The inflammatory cascade of steatohepatitis","volume":"54","author":"Mladeni\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add1599","article-title":"NKG2D-mediated detection of metabolically stressed hepatocytes by innate-like T cells is essential for initiation of NASH and fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Marinovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159524","article-title":"Kupffer cells undergo fundamental changes during the development of experimental NASH and are critical in initiating liver damage and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12013-015-0682-9","article-title":"Neutrophils play a crucial role in the early stage of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via neutrophil elastase in mice","volume":"73","author":"Zang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/HEP.29544","article-title":"Therapeutic inhibition of inflammatory monocyte recruitment reduces steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis","volume":"67","author":"Krenkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501175","article-title":"Progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is marked by a higher frequency of Th17 cells in the liver and an increased Th17\/resting regulatory T cell ratio in peripheral blood and in the liver","volume":"196","author":"Rau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1041","article-title":"Hepatic natural killer T-cell and CD8+ T-cell signatures in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"1","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108626","article-title":"Dynamic shifts in the composition of resident and recruited macrophages influence tissue remodeling in NASH","volume":"34","author":"Daemen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001371","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells in MASH","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.33590\/emjhepatol\/10312252","article-title":"Macrophages in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: friend or foe","volume":"6","author":"Grunhut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Med J Hepatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02325-2","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory hepatic macrophages generate ROS through NADPH oxidase 2 via endocytosis of monomeric TLR4\u2013MD2 complex","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223875","article-title":"Oxidation-specific epitopes are danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity","volume":"108","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.08.006","article-title":"Fatty acid activates NLRP3 inflammasomes in mouse Kupffer cells through mitochondrial DNA release","volume":"332","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101196","article-title":"Understanding the complex macrophage landscape in MASLD","volume":"6","author":"De Ponti","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.003","article-title":"Impaired Kupffer cell self-renewal alters the liver response to lipid overload during non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"53","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41586-019-1631-3","article-title":"Resolving the fibrotic niche of human liver cirrhosis at single-cell level","volume":"575","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/JLR.M072454","article-title":"Cholesterol crystallization within hepatocyte lipid droplets and its role in murine NASH","volume":"58","author":"Ioannou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2405746121","article-title":"Lipid-associated macrophages\u2019 promotion of fibrosis resolution during MASH regression requires TREM2","volume":"121","author":"Ganguly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.054","article-title":"Lipid-associated macrophages control metabolic homeostasis in a Trem2-dependent manner","volume":"178","author":"Jaitin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/JLR.M053785","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering drugs cause dissolution of cholesterol crystals and disperse Kupffer cell crown-like structures during resolution of NASH","volume":"56","author":"Ioannou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0082163","article-title":"Hepatic crown-like structure: a unique histological feature in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and humans","volume":"8","author":"Itoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001098","article-title":"TREM2 macrophages mediate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery against MASH","volume":"81","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281061","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells in physiology and pathology","volume":"600","author":"Kamm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110357","article-title":"Macrophage in liver fibrosis: Identities and mechanisms","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.11.002","article-title":"Extracellular matrix degradation in liver fibrosis: Biochemistry and regulation","volume":"1832","author":"Iredale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11303-z","article-title":"M2-like macrophages in the fibrotic liver protect mice against lethal insults through conferring apoptosis resistance to hepatocytes","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/HEP.26607","article-title":"M2 Kupffer cells promote M1 Kupffer cell apoptosis: a protective mechanism against alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"59","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.907222","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of hepatoprotection mediated by M2-like macrophages","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119964109","article-title":"Differential Ly-6C expression identifies the recruited macrophage phenotype, which orchestrates the regression of murine liver fibrosis","volume":"109","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300847","article-title":"Cutting edge: Hepatic stellate cells drive the phenotype of monocyte-derived macrophages to regulate liver fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"213","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.11.013","article-title":"Prolonged hypernutrition impairs TREM2-dependent efferocytosis to license chronic liver inflammation and NASH development","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.06.004","article-title":"Soluble TREM2 levels reflect the recruitment and expansion of TREM2+ macrophages that localize to fibrotic areas and limit NASH","volume":"77","author":"Hendrikx","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/HEP.32620","article-title":"Circulating TREM2 as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for NASH in patients with elevated liver stiffness","volume":"77","author":"Indira Chandran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-061020-053707","article-title":"Dendritic cells revisited","volume":"39","author":"Cabeza-Cabrerizo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.641240","article-title":"Hepatic dendritic cells in the development and progression of metabolic steatohepatitis","volume":"12","author":"M\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.04.017","article-title":"Migratory dendritic cells transfer antigen to a lymph node-resident dendritic cell population for efficient CTL priming","volume":"25","author":"Allan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2019.04.003","article-title":"Antigen presentation by dendritic cells for B cell activation","volume":"58","author":"Heath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.003","article-title":"Dendritic cell populations with different concentrations of lipid regulate tolerance and immunity in mouse and human liver","volume":"143","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0076-1","article-title":"Transcriptional network analysis implicates altered hepatic immune function in NASH development and resolution","volume":"1","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26267","article-title":"Dendritic cells limit fibroinflammatory injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"58","author":"Henning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.01.008","article-title":"Murine CD103+ dendritic cells protect against steatosis progression towards steatohepatitis","volume":"66","author":"Heier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01344-3","article-title":"XCR1+ type 1 conventional dendritic cells drive liver pathology in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"27","author":"Deczkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37581","article-title":"In liver fibrosis, dendritic cells govern hepatic inflammation in mice via TNF-\u03b1","volume":"119","author":"Connolly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBADIS.2013.01.005","article-title":"Dendritic cells and liver fibrosis","volume":"1832","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24621","article-title":"Dendritic cell regulation of carbon tetrachloride\u2013induced murine liver fibrosis regression","volume":"55","author":"Jiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-015009","article-title":"Neutrophils in physiology and pathology","volume":"19","author":"Aroca-Crevill\u00e9n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathology: Mech Dis"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD-2014-03-453217","article-title":"Social networking of human neutrophils within the immune system","volume":"124","author":"Scapini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12072-020-10081-7","article-title":"The role of neutrophils in innate immunity-driven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: lessons learned and future promise","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107609","article-title":"Neutrophil: An emerging player in the occurrence and progression of metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1554079","article-title":"Prognostic role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Shavakhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02639.x","article-title":"Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: a new marker for predicting steatohepatitis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"32","author":"Alkhouri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1292679","article-title":"The implication of neutrophil extracellular traps in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Fa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000762","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote MASH fibrosis by metabolic reprogramming of HSC","volume":"81","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29914","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote inflammation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"68","author":"van der Windt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IT.2019.05.001","article-title":"The healing power of neutrophils","volume":"40","author":"Phillipson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/HEP.31680","article-title":"Two faces of neutrophils in liver disease development and progression","volume":"74","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34133\/RESEARCH.0382","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis detected by neutrophilic crown-like structures in morbidly obese patients: A multicenter and clinicopathological study","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res (Wash D C)"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09046-8","article-title":"Neutrophils promote the development of reparative macrophages mediated by ROS to orchestrate liver repair","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MR0218-079R","article-title":"MicroRNA miR-223 as regulator of innate immunity","volume":"104","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI122258","article-title":"Neutrophils contribute to spontaneous resolution of liver inflammation and fibrosis via microRNA-223","volume":"129","author":"Calvente","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141513","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-hepatocyte communication via LDLR-dependent miR-223\u2013enriched extracellular vesicle transfer ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"131","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.58365","article-title":"MicroRNA-223 restricts liver fibrosis by inhibiting the TAZ-IHH-GLI2 and PDGF signaling pathways via the crosstalk of multiple liver cell types","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/HEP4.1178","article-title":"Neutrophils alleviate fibrosis in the CCl4-induced mouse chronic liver injury model","volume":"2","author":"Saijou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/IMR.12448","article-title":"Human neutrophils in the saga of cellular heterogeneity: insights and open questions","volume":"273","author":"Scapini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.017","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: 10 years on","volume":"174","author":"Vivier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac9593","article-title":"Tissue residency of innate lymphoid cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs","volume":"350","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646559","article-title":"Tissue-resident Eomes(hi) T-bet(lo) CD56(bright) NK cells with reduced proinflammatory potential are enriched in the adult human liver","volume":"46","author":"Harmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12880","article-title":"Intrahepatic and peripheral blood phenotypes of natural killer and T cells: differential surface expression of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors","volume":"154","author":"Podhorzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402099","article-title":"Activation-specific metabolic requirements for NK cell IFN-\u03b3 production","volume":"194","author":"Keppel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401558","article-title":"mTORC1-dependent metabolic reprogramming is a prerequisite for NK cell effector function","volume":"193","author":"Donnelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0251-7","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of natural killer cells in obesity limits antitumor responses","volume":"19","author":"Michelet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.08.019","article-title":"Activated natural killer cell promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through mediating JAK\/STAT pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMGH"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301400","article-title":"NKp46-mediated killing of human and mouse hepatic stellate cells attenuates liver fibrosis","volume":"61","author":"Gur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.055","article-title":"Natural killer cells ameliorate liver fibrosis by killing activated stellate cells in NKG2D-dependent and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-dependent manners","volume":"130","author":"Radaeva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01192","article-title":"Natural killer cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells are new actors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Luci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.018","article-title":"Interleukin-33-dependent innate lymphoid cells mediate hepatic fibrosis","volume":"39","author":"Mchedlidze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648754","article-title":"Group 3 innate lymphoid cells protect steatohepatitis from high-fat diet induced toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000350","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a hepatic IL-13-producing ILC3-like population potentially involved in liver fibrosis","volume":"78","author":"Raabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2019.00082","article-title":"The differential roles of T cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity","volume":"10","author":"Herck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41590-021-01009-W","article-title":"Repositioning TH cell polarization from single cytokines to complex help","volume":"22","author":"Tuzlak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.04.018","article-title":"PKM2-dependent metabolic skewing of hepatic Th17 cells regulates pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Moreno-Fernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.05.049","article-title":"Interleukin-17 signaling in inflammatory, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells exacerbates liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"143","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149783","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by IL-17A and IL-17F modulates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Giles","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04471.x","article-title":"Interleukin-17 exacerbates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"166","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26746","article-title":"IL-17 signaling accelerates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"59","author":"Harley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150405","article-title":"The balance between IL-17 and IL-22 produced by liver-infiltrating T-helper cells critically controls NASH development in mice","volume":"130","author":"Rolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9571-1","article-title":"Altered phenotype and functionality of circulating immune cells characterize adult patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Inzaugarat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J ClinImmunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00193.2013","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 deficiency attenuates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a steatohepatitis model induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient high-fat diet","volume":"305","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230307","article-title":"Characterization of the immune cell landscape of patients with NAFLD","volume":"15","author":"Diedrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01087.x","article-title":"Effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on collagen production in cultured LI90 human hepatic stellate cells","volume":"25","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7325","article-title":"An IL-13 inhibitor blocks the development of hepatic fibrosis during a T-helper type 2-dominated inflammatory response","volume":"104","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20184","article-title":"Interleukin 22 (IL-22) plays a protective role in T cell-mediated murine hepatitis: IL-22 is a survival factor for hepatocytes via STAT3 activation","volume":"39","author":"Radaeva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.03.004","article-title":"Amelioration of high fat diet induced liver lipogenesis and hepatic steatosis by interleukin-22","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01711","article-title":"Adoptive cell transfer of regulatory T cells exacerbates hepatic steatosis in high-fat high-fructose diet-fed mice","volume":"11","author":"Van Herck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.032","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell and neutrophil extracellular trap interaction contributes to carcinogenesis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE16969","article-title":"NAFLD causes selective CD4+ T lymphocyte loss and promotes hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"531","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-017-0215-y","article-title":"The imbalance of Th17\/Treg cells is involved in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143715","article-title":"The role of regulatory CD4 T cells in maintaining tolerance in a mouse model of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"10","author":"Haack","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25765","article-title":"Foxp3+ regulatory T cells protect the liver from immune damage and compromise virus control during acute experimental hepatitis B virus infection in mice","volume":"56","author":"Stross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1807","article-title":"The detrimental role of regulatory T cells in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"6","author":"Dywicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.967410","article-title":"CD4+ T cell activation and inflammation in NASH-related fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000971","article-title":"Ag-driven CD8+ T cell clonal expansion is a prominent feature of MASH in humans and mice","volume":"81","author":"Burtis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00040.2019","article-title":"CD8+ T cells regulate liver injury in obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"318","author":"Breuer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03362-0","article-title":"NASH limits anti-tumor surveillance in immunotherapy-treated HCC","volume":"592","author":"Pfister","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03233-8","article-title":"Auto-aggressive CXCR6+ CD8 T cells cause liver immune pathology in NASH","volume":"592","author":"Dudek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802534RR","article-title":"The immunoregulatory effects of CD8 T\u2010cell\u2013derived perforin on diet\u2010induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24734-0","article-title":"CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells promote liver fibrosis resolution by inducing apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells","volume":"12","author":"Koda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0345-y","article-title":"Thymic development of unconventional T cells: how NKT cells, MAIT cells and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells emerge","volume":"20","author":"Pellicci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30952","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T cells promote steatohepatitis by orchestrating innate and adaptive immune programming","volume":"71","author":"Torres\u2010Hernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/WJGP.V5.I2.107","article-title":"Role of gamma-delta T cells in liver inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Hammerich","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26697","article-title":"Chemokine receptor CCR6-dependent accumulation of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in injured liver restricts hepatic inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"59","author":"Hammerich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.115","article-title":"NKT cell subsets as key participants in liver physiology and pathology","volume":"13","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i13.1725","article-title":"Intrahepatic natural killer T cell populations are increased in human hepatic steatosis","volume":"17","author":"Adler","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32831bc3d6","article-title":"Role of liver-infiltrating CD3+CD56+ natural killer T cells in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Tajiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350474","article-title":"Invariant natural killer T cells drive hepatic homeostasis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via sustained IL\u201010 expression in CD170 + Kupffer cells","volume":"53","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-010-0272-y","article-title":"Absence of invariant natural killer T cells deteriorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice fed high-fat diet","volume":"45","author":"Miyagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080949","article-title":"Mice lacking natural killer T cells are more susceptible to metabolic alterations following high fat diet feeding","volume":"9","author":"Martin-Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.003","article-title":"Metabolic activation of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells and NKT cells causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver cancer via cross-talk with hepatocytes","volume":"26","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23599","article-title":"Accumulation of natural killer T cells in progressive nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Syn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/GUTJNL-2011-301857","article-title":"NKT-associated hedgehog and osteopontin drive fibrogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"61","author":"Syn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2018.01994","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through regulating macrophage polarization","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315309","article-title":"Increased number of mucosal-associated invariant T cells is associated with the inhibition of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high fat diet\u2013fed mice","volume":"23","author":"Kishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04450-y","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are a profibrogenic immune cell population in the liver","volume":"9","author":"Hegde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37453-5","article-title":"MAIT cell inhibition promotes liver fibrosis regression via macrophage phenotype reprogramming","volume":"14","author":"Mabire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.015","article-title":"B2-lymphocyte responses to oxidative stress-derived antigens contribute to the evolution of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"124","author":"Bruzz\u00ec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31755","article-title":"Microbiota-driven activation of intrahepatic B cells aggravates NASH through innate and adaptive signaling","volume":"74","author":"Barrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.057968","article-title":"Immune response towards lipid peroxidation products as a predictor of progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to advanced fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"Albano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12362","article-title":"Role of intrahepatic B cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulating intrahepatic T cells","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27761","article-title":"Liver fibrosis occurs through dysregulation of MyD88-dependent innate B-cell activity","volume":"61","author":"Thapa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-012-9345-8","article-title":"B cell-activating factor is associated with the histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Miyake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37403-y","article-title":"Depletion of B cell-activating factor attenuates hepatic fat accumulation in a murine model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101189","article-title":"Essential roles of B cell subsets in the progression of MASLD and HCC","volume":"6","author":"Petriv","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14232","article-title":"Mesenteric adipose tissue B lymphocytes promote local and hepatic inflammation in non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease mice","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.037","article-title":"Intestinal B cells license metabolic T-cell activation in NASH microbiota\/antigen-independently and contribute to fibrosis by IgA-FcR signaling","volume":"79","author":"Kotsiliti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.005","article-title":"Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"149","author":"Vilar-Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.006","article-title":"Bariatric surgery provides long-term resolution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and regression of fibrosis","volume":"159","author":"Lassailly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B174","unstructured":"FDA approves treatment for serious liver disease known as \u201cMASH\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1693753","article-title":"Immunometabolic integration in therapeutic strategies for managing MASLD","volume":"16","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Serrano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis","volume":"390","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.08.005","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitor promotes ketogenesis to improve MASH by suppressing CD8+ T cell activation","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41401-024-01389-3","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors ameliorate NAFLD in mice via downregulating PFKFB3, suppressing glycolysis and modulating macrophage polarization","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.003","article-title":"Cenicriviroc lacked efficacy to treat liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: AURORA phase III randomized study","volume":"22","author":"Anstee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.034","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-modified macrophages ameliorate liver fibrosis in preclinical models","volume":"80","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101747","article-title":"CAR-T cells targeting activated hepatic stellate cells ameliorate liver fibrosis in mouse models","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1797949\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:22:39Z","timestamp":1777522959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1797949\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":181,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1797949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1797949","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"1797949"}}