{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:28:15Z","timestamp":1791401295274,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04326\/2025, UID\/04423\/2025 , UID\/PRR\/04326\/2025 , UID\/PRR\/04423\/2025 , LA\/P\/0101\/2020 , 2021.06497.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04326\/2025, UID\/04423\/2025 , UID\/PRR\/04326\/2025 , UID\/PRR\/04423\/2025 , LA\/P\/0101\/2020 , 2021.06497.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nutritional strategies have emerged as promising tools to modulate immune responses in marine fish, particularly at mucosal surfaces involved in host-pathogen interactions. Dietary immunomodulators such as yeast-derived \u03b2-glucans (BG) have gained attention for their capacity to enhance innate immune defenses, however their role in coordinating these mechanisms during bacterial infections remains incompletely understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated the effects of two dietary inclusion levels (0.06 and 0.12%) of purified yeast \u03b2-1,3\/1,6-glucans on the immune responses of European seabass (\n                      <jats:italic>Dicentrarchus labrax<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) following a bath challenge with\n                      <jats:italic>Tenacibaculum maritimum<\/jats:italic>\n                      specifically. After four weeks of feeding with experimental diets, fish were exposed to a sub-lethal infection, and immune parameters were accessed in the skin, intestinal mucosa and at systemic level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Growth performance and feed efficiency were not affected by BG supplementation. At 24\u00a0h post-infection, fish fed with the 0.12% BG diet maintained circulating leukocyte counts and displayed increased plasma lysozyme activity, indicating enhanced early immune readiness. Moreover skin immune responses showed an early upregulation of pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial related genes, followed by increased expression of regulatory cytokines at 7 days post-infection, suggesting an efficient transition from immune activation to resolution. In contrast, intestinal immune responses remained largely unchanged, indicating a compartmentalized modulation focused on the primary site of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, dietary BG supplementation exerted a dose dependent immunostimulatory effect in European seabass, with 0.12% BG eliciting the most significant chances in disease resilience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T04:13:41Z","timestamp":1776658421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dietary 1.3-1.6 yeast \u03b2-glucans enhance immune response and disease resilience in European seabass challenged with Tenacibaculum 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