{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:14:04Z","timestamp":1778130844554,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis affecting children under five years of age and a leading cause of acquired heart disease in developed countries. Although autopsy and biopsy studies provide important insights into disease progression, integrated summaries combining classical histopathology with modern molecular findings remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review searched PubMed and Web of Science from January 1, 1974 to December 31, 2025 for human autopsy and biopsy studies on KD. Findings were synthesized to characterize pathological features across cardiovascular and extracardiac systems, focusing on vascular progression based on the three-process model, multisystem involvement, and underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Coronary artery involvement follows a three-process model, including necrotizing arteritis, subacute\/chronic vasculitis, and luminal myofibroblastic proliferation, which drives progressive luminal stenosis. The myocardium, pericardium, and cardiac valves are also frequently affected. Extracardiac tissues show intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and IgA plasma cell infiltration, suggesting a potential infection-triggered mechanism. Key signaling pathways, including TLRs\/NF-\u03baB, NLRP3\/IL-1\u03b2, Ca\u00b2\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/NFAT, and TGF-\u03b2, along with genetic polymorphisms, contribute to immune dysregulation and vascular injury and may provide potential therapeutic targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>KD is a systemic vasculitis primarily targeting the coronary arteries, with a dynamic pathological progression from acute inflammation to chronic vascular remodeling. Future research should focus on prospective pathology studies, long-term vascular remodeling, and underlying molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:54:32Z","timestamp":1778129672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human pathological findings in Kawasaki disease: a narrative review of autopsy and biopsy evidence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Difan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingjiao","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pediatric Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Children\u2019s Hospital, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Fujian Children\u2019s Hospital, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children\u2019s Medical Center, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.3.271","article-title":"A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan","volume":"54","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"178","article-title":"Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children","volume":"16","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arerugi"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00941-4","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: an update","volume":"22","author":"Rife","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000484","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"McCrindle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000001295","article-title":"Update on diagnosis and management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"Jone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2018.10.005","article-title":"Expression of tenascin C in cardiovascular lesions of Kawasaki disease","volume":"38","author":"Yokouchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2015.02.006","article-title":"Cardiovascular pathology in 2 young adults with sudden, unexpected death due to coronary aneurysms from Kawasaki disease in childhood","volume":"24","author":"Shimizu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038998","article-title":"Three linked vasculopathic processes characterize Kawasaki disease: a light and transmission electron microscopic study","volume":"7","author":"Orenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/497171","article-title":"Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies are detected by synthetic antibody in ciliated bronchial epithelium during acute Kawasaki disease","volume":"192","author":"Rowley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci176938","article-title":"The etiologies of Kawasaki disease","volume":"134","author":"Burns","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-024-01167-4","article-title":"An update on Kawasaki disease","volume":"27","author":"Goel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050224-103456","article-title":"Kawasaki disease vasculitis: from diagnosis to new concepts in pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches","volume":"77","author":"Noval Rivas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(24)00169-x","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: contemporary perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Day-Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111831","article-title":"Autoptic findings in cases of sudden death due to Kawasaki disease","volume":"13","author":"Visi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.13437","article-title":"Autopsy report of a sudden infant death that was strongly suspicious of Kawasaki disease","volume":"74","author":"Yokouchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2012.05.004","article-title":"The role of TGF-\u03b2 and myofibroblasts in the arteritis of Kawasaki disease","volume":"44","author":"Shimizu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2021.404","article-title":"Oblivion: autopsy findings of a 31-year-old man with sudden cardiac arrest, a case report of a sequelae of Kawasaki disease","volume":"12","author":"Gallego","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autops Case Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.78.2.345","article-title":"Pathological features of coronary arteries in children with Kawasaki disease in which coronary arterial aneurysm was absent at autopsy. Quantitative analysis","volume":"78","author":"Fujiwara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248902900109","article-title":"Coronary aneurysms in a young adult: report of a case suspected of Kawasaki disease","volume":"29","author":"Murai","year":"1989","journal-title":"MedSci Law"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050213","article-title":"Coronary artery aneurysms in a young adult: a case of sudden death. A late sequelae of Kawasaki disease","volume":"112","author":"Fineschi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.04.036","article-title":"Sudden death as a late sequel of Kawasaki disease: postmortem CT demonstration of coronary artery aneurysm","volume":"225","author":"Okura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.61.1.100","article-title":"Pathology of the heart in Kawasaki disease","volume":"61","author":"Fujiwara","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198608073150601","article-title":"The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin","volume":"315","author":"Newburger","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2007.59","article-title":"ITPKC functional polymorphism associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility and formation of coronary artery aneurysms","volume":"40","author":"Onouchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70267","article-title":"The etiopathogenesis of Kawasaki disease: evolving understanding of diverse triggers","volume":"13","author":"Hara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35848-9","article-title":"Spatiotemporal clustering of cases of Kawasaki disease and associated coronary artery aneurysms in Canada","volume":"8","author":"Hearn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0559","article-title":"Infections and Kawasaki disease: implications for coronary artery outcome","volume":"116","author":"Benseler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.526969","article-title":"Cardiovascular involvement in Kawasaki disease is much more than mere coronary arteritis","volume":"8","author":"Pilania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15141","article-title":"An autopsy case of fulminant myocarditis accompanied with Kawasaki disease revealed by histological findings","volume":"64","author":"Azumagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00221","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for cardiac dysfunction due to Kawasaki disease shock syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2017.10.23","article-title":"Sudden child death due to thrombotic giant coronary artery aneurysms complicated by atypical Kawasaki disease: an autopsy case","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pathol Transl Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1984.tb07588.x","article-title":"Kawasaki disease complicated with mitral insufficiency. Autopsy findings with special reference to valvular lesion","volume":"34","author":"Imakita","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2012.55.12.470","article-title":"Detection rate and clinical impact of respiratory viruses in children with Kawasaki disease","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmn065","article-title":"Atypical Kawasaki disease presenting with symptoms from the genitourinary system: an autopsy report","volume":"55","author":"Papadodima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315832","article-title":"IgA plasma cell infiltration of proximal respiratory tract, pancreas, kidney, and coronary artery in acute Kawasaki disease","volume":"182","author":"Rowley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001582","article-title":"RNA-containing cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in ciliated bronchial epithelium months to years after acute Kawasaki disease","volume":"3","author":"Rowley","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq136","article-title":"Ultrastructural, immunofluorescence, and RNA evidence support the hypothesis of a \"new\" virus associated with Kawasaki disease","volume":"203","author":"Rowley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labinv.2025.104131","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies from children with acute Kawasaki disease identify a common antigenic target in fatal cases over 5 decades","volume":"105","author":"Rowley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3468(87)80600-0","article-title":"Hydrops of the gallbladder associated with Kawasaki syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Suddleson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15513818509026899","article-title":"Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in Kawasaki disease","volume":"4","author":"Ohshio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.021","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and IgA provoke immune vasculitis linked to cardiovascular inflammation","volume":"51","author":"Noval Rivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/831834","article-title":"Kidney and urinary tract involvement in Kawasaki disease","volume":"2013","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01955240","article-title":"Increased levels of urinary interleukin-6 in Kawasaki disease","volume":"152","author":"Ohta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B44","article-title":"Intracytoplasmic inclusions in urinary sediment cells from a patient with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease). A case report","volume":"28","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199806000-00008","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid profile in patients with acute Kawasaki disease","volume":"17","author":"Dengler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1980.tb01331.x","article-title":"Neural involvement in Kawasaki disease","volume":"30","author":"Amano","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.10.006","article-title":"Associated symptoms in the ten days before diagnosis of Kawasaki disease","volume":"154","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2024.107700","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death caused by Kawasaki coronary artery vasculitis in a child with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Case report and literature review","volume":"74","author":"Salzillo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02010633","article-title":"Chest x-ray findings in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease","volume":"20","author":"Umezawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181f6fe2a","article-title":"Abnormal liver panel in acute Kawasaki disease","volume":"30","author":"Eladawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1980.tb00966.x","article-title":"General pathology of Kawasaki disease. On the morphological alterations corresponding to the clinical manifestations","volume":"30","author":"Amano","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-020-00452-7","article-title":"Neurological involvement in Kawasaki disease: a retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy and Kawasaki disease","volume":"6","author":"Poon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02556-w","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of cervical lymphadenopathy in Kawasaki disease and the generation of related cervical complications: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0426-0","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: pathophysiology and insights from mouse models","volume":"16","author":"Noval Rivas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1032","article-title":"Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-\u03baB-NLRP3 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Si","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.981010","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in Kawasaki-disease-associated vasculitis","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.986","article-title":"Longstanding obliterative panarteritis in Kawasaki disease: lack of cyclosporin A effect","volume":"112","author":"Kuijpers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2012.04332.x","article-title":"Histopathological characteristics of myocarditis in acute-phase Kawasaki disease","volume":"61","author":"Harada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323155","article-title":"CD8 T lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrate coronary artery aneurysms in acute Kawasaki disease","volume":"184","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1036672","article-title":"Increased Myosin light chain 9 expression during Kawasaki disease vasculitis","volume":"13","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7499\/j.issn.1008-8830.2209008","article-title":"Recent research on the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in cardiac injury in children with Kawasaki disease","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2024.07.023","article-title":"The central role of interleukin-1 signalling in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease vasculitis: path to translation","volume":"40","author":"Atici","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0165-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-020-0420-8","article-title":"The elevated serum levels of calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 in children with Kawasaki disease","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582638","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: insights into the roles of T cells","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1090056","article-title":"The role of FOXO4\/NFAT2 signaling pathway in dysfunction of human coronary endothelial cells and inflammatory infiltration of vasculitis in Kawasaki disease","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/lymphatics3030021","article-title":"Genetic landscape of Kawasaki disease: an update","volume":"3","author":"Goyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lymphatics"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107303","article-title":"The pathology of Kawasaki disease aortitis: a study of 37 cases","volume":"51","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-12-12","article-title":"The involvement of the vasa vasorum in the development of vasculitis in animal model of Kawasaki disease","volume":"12","author":"Hamaoka-Okamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/paf.0000000000000235","article-title":"Kawasaki disease: an autopsy case series and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00099-x","article-title":"Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults","volume":"28","author":"Burns","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951122002906","article-title":"Long-term vascular dysfunction in Kawasaki disease: systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"33","author":"Patra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.11.007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: lipids, vascular function, cardio-cerebrovascular events after previous Kawasaki disease in children","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.05.034","article-title":"Epidemiology, treatments, and cardiac complications in patients with Kawasaki disease: the nationwide survey in Japan, 2017-2018","volume":"225","author":"Ae","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798378\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:54:42Z","timestamp":1778129682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798378\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798378","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"article-number":"1798378"}}