{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T19:44:36Z","timestamp":1794080676836,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are fibrous, web-like structures released by activated neutrophils that consist of decondensed chromatin DNA coated with antimicrobial granular proteins. These structures play a dual role in host defense and pathology by effectively entrapping and eliminating pathogens. Under normal physiological conditions during pregnancy, appropriately regulated NET formation at the maternal\u2013fetal interface functions as a crucial antimicrobial defense mechanism. However, emerging evidence indicates that excessive NET formation or defective clearance is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of several pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, recurrent pregnancy loss, systemic lupus erythematosus, and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. This review systematically examines the regulatory mechanisms and pathophysiological contributions of NETs to these pregnancy complications. This review further explores the potential therapeutic mechanisms of common obstetric medications\u2014including aspirin, metformin, low molecular weight heparin, hydroxychloroquine, and vitamin D-which may exert beneficial effects by suppressing NET formation or enhancing NET clearance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:05:03Z","timestamp":1775801103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neutrophil extracellular traps in pregnancy complications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chunying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maternal & Fetal Medicine of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Maternal & Fetal Medicine of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84538","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps - the dark side of neutrophils","volume":"126","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12522","article-title":"Root extracellular traps versus neutrophil extracellular traps in host defence, a case of functional convergence","volume":"94","author":"Driouich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01933-x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Immunology at the maternal-fetal interface","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Balasundaram","year":"2025"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.04.003","article-title":"Immunology of normal pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Aagaard-Tillery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/258391","article-title":"Immunologic regulation in pregnancy: from mechanism to therapeutic strategy for immunomodulation","volume":"2012","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00565","article-title":"Multimodal regulation of NET formation in pregnancy: Progesterone antagonizes the pro-NETotic effect of estrogen and G-CSF","volume":"7","author":"Giaglis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew292","article-title":"Trophoblast cells inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation and enhance apoptosis through vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated pathways","volume":"32","author":"Calo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1099038","article-title":"Vital NETosis vs. suicidal NETosis during normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"10","author":"Guillotin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0188","article-title":"The choline metabolite TMAO inhibits NETosis and promotes placental development in GDM of humans and mice","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900262","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human fetal membranes induce neutrophil activation and release of vital neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"203","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1119756","article-title":"Dysregulated low-density granulocyte contributes to early spontaneous abortion","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2015-000134","article-title":"Placental histology and neutrophil extracellular traps in lupus and pre-eclampsia pregnancies","volume":"3","author":"Marder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15321","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibody-activated NETs exacerbate trophoblast and endothelial cell injury in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.12.006","article-title":"NETs exacerbate placental inflammation and injury through high mobility group protein B1 during preeclampsia","volume":"159","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1488127","article-title":"Circulating extracellular vesicles and neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia","volume":"15","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-024-03057-z","article-title":"Impact of antiplatelets, anticoagulants and cyclic nucleotide stimulators on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and inflammatory markers during COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s44276-023-00022-w","article-title":"Metformin may improve the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus partly through effects on neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"1","author":"Saito","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJC Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.08.008","article-title":"Low molecular weight heparins prevent the induction of autophagy of activated neutrophils and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"123","author":"Manfredi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108461","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation alleviates hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion injury by blocking TLR9 in mice","volume":"216","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00335","article-title":"Low-dose vitamin D protects hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.4mir0220-574rr","article-title":"Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"108","author":"Rosales","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2018","article-title":"The neutrophil's role during health and disease","volume":"99","author":"Liew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02049-y","article-title":"Neutrophil diversity and function in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem2041oia2","article-title":"Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"176","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1622160","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"2022","author":"Ning","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.798853","article-title":"Role of extracellular trap release during bacterial and viral infection","volume":"13","author":"Schultz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.913028","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in Candida albicans infection","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110100","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica induced NETosis and the dual role of NETs in amoebiasis","volume":"118","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.13.19","article-title":"IL-8 triggers neutrophil extracellular trap formation through an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase- and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway-dependent mechanism in uveitis","volume":"64","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048111","article-title":"Cytokines induced neutrophil extracellular traps formation: implication for the inflammatory disease condition","volume":"7","author":"Keshari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-007-0073-4","article-title":"Neutrophil NETs: a novel contributor to preeclampsia-associated placental hypoxia","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03921-6","article-title":"Role of platelets and NETs in arterial thrombosis","volume":"398","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8064","article-title":"Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis","volume":"349","author":"Warnatsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308749","article-title":"Monosodium urate crystal-induced pyroptotic cell death in neutrophil and macrophage facilitates the pathological progress of gout","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39247","article-title":"Release of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils stimulated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a newly identified mechanism of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Yalavarthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023020484","article-title":"Complement activation drives antibody-mediated transfusion-related acute lung injury via macrophage trafficking and formation of NETs","volume":"143","author":"van der Velden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909546117","article-title":"NETosis proceeds by cytoskeleton and endomembrane disassembly and PAD4-mediated chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope rupture","volume":"117","author":"Thiam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100239","article-title":"PAD4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2160192","article-title":"Insight into neutrophil extracellular traps through systematic evaluation of citrullination and peptidylarginine deiminases","volume":"2019","author":"Holmes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00461","article-title":"A critical reappraisal of neutrophil extracellular traps and NETosis mimics based on differential requirements for protein citrullination","volume":"7","author":"Konig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00038","article-title":"Opposition between PKC isoforms regulates histone deimination and neutrophil extracellular chromatin release","volume":"4","author":"Neeli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00424","article-title":"Reactive oxidants and myeloperoxidase and their involvement in neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"3","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4896","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054896","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs) degradation","volume":"24","author":"Demkow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.775267","article-title":"Receptor-mediated NETosis on neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1190177","article-title":"Who and how, DNA sensors in NETs-driven inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Aub\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24437","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.24437","article-title":"Diverse stimuli engage different neutrophil extracellular trap pathways","volume":"6","author":"Kenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.162","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic target of NETosis in diseases","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414055112","article-title":"SK3 channel and mitochondrial ROS mediate NADPH oxidase-independent NETosis induced by calcium influx","volume":"112","author":"Douda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.27.1_supplement.132.4","article-title":"An extracellular matrix-based mechanism of rapid neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to Candida albicans","volume":"190","author":"Byrd","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.07.011","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer","volume":"79","author":"Cristinziano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.96","article-title":"Viable neutrophils release mitochondrial DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"16","author":"Yousefi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747053","article-title":"Untangling \"NETosis\" from NETs","volume":"49","author":"Yousefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092079","article-title":"On neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) removal: What we know thus far and why so little","volume":"9","author":"Santocki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071036","article-title":"Deoxyribonucleases and their applications in biomedicine","volume":"10","author":"Laukov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12796","article-title":"Impaired DNase1-mediated degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps is associated with acute thrombotic microangiopathies","volume":"13","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Alc\u00e1zar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2003.08.022","article-title":"DNase II: genes, enzymes and function","volume":"322","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300436","article-title":"Macrophage clearance of neutrophil extracellular traps is a silent process","volume":"191","author":"Farrera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.977493","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infections: A seesaw battle in hosts","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636954","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps activate proinflammatory functions of human neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"D\u00f6mer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00670-3","article-title":"Exploring neutrophil extracellular traps: mechanisms of immune regulation and future therapeutic potential","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.05.018","article-title":"Coordination between innate immune cells, type I IFNs and\u00a0IRF5 drives SLE pathogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Matta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.002","article-title":"Early cellular mechanisms of type I interferon-driven susceptibility to tuberculosis","volume":"186","author":"Kotov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01307-21","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-induced neutrophil extracellular traps amplify the innate and adaptive response","volume":"12","author":"Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100145r","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immune dysregulation in bullous pemphigoid via inducing B-cell differentiation and antibody production","volume":"35","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112322","article-title":"Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo","volume":"209","author":"von Br\u00fchl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.610696","article-title":"Insights into immunothrombosis: The interplay among neutrophil extracellular trap, von Willebrand factor, and ADAMTS13","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09160-7","article-title":"Neutrophil activation and NETosis are the major drivers of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"10","author":"Perdomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15265","article-title":"Platelet Fc\u03b3RIIA in immunity and thrombosis: Adaptive immunothrombosis","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02176","article-title":"Aggregated NETs sequester and detoxify extracellular histones","volume":"10","author":"Knopf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3547","article-title":"Aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps limit inflammation by degrading cytokines and chemokines","volume":"20","author":"Schauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12855","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112855","article-title":"Neutrophils' extracellular trap mechanisms: From physiology to pathology","volume":"23","author":"Schoen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08804-7","article-title":"A review of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in\u00a0disease: Potential anti-NETs therapeutics","volume":"61","author":"Mutua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.100996","article-title":"Neutrophils at the crossroads of acute viral infections and severity","volume":"81","author":"Rawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1170","article-title":"Neutrophil, neutrophil extracellular traps and endothelial cell dysfunction in sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/itt.s569962","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis and sepsis-related organ dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3887","article-title":"Diabetes primes neutrophils to undergo NETosis, which impairs wound healing","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168647","article-title":"NETosis before and after hyperglycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"11","author":"Carestia","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29914","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote inflammation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"68","author":"van der Windt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175618","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids drive neutrophil extracellular trap formation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"945","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178ra40","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005580","article-title":"NETs are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and stimulate inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Khandpur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202765","article-title":"Antibodies from patients with rheumatoid arthritis target citrullinated histone 4 contained in neutrophils extracellular traps","volume":"73","author":"Pratesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.649693","article-title":"Neutrophils in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: Same foe different M.O","volume":"12","author":"Fresneda Alarcon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-811920-4.00007-0","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap mitochondrial DNA and its autoantibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and a proof-of-concept trial of metformin","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909927107","article-title":"Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis","volume":"107","author":"Hakkim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2022.101595","article-title":"The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"57","author":"De Meo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.937565","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps: New players in cancer research","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15420","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015420","article-title":"Events leading to the establishment of pregnancy and placental formation: The need to fine-tune the nomenclature on pregnancy and gestation","volume":"24","author":"Benagiano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02317","article-title":"Dynamic function and composition changes of immune cells during normal and pathological pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13392","article-title":"Neutrophils in pregnancy: New insights into innate and adaptive immune regulation","volume":"164","author":"Bert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104237","article-title":"The role of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in stages, outcomes and pregnancy complications","volume":"163","author":"Aslanian-Kalkhoran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.014","article-title":"Preeclampsia-pathophysiology and clinical presentations: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"76","author":"Ives","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550403400101","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"398","author":"Chappell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2022.2043891","article-title":"Neutrophil count is a useful marker to predict the severity of preeclampsia","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675788","article-title":"Increased neutrophil activation and plasma DNA levels in patients with pre-eclampsia","volume":"118","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2025.8897","article-title":"BCL2A1- and G0S2-driven neutrophil extracellular traps: A protective mechanism linking preeclampsia to reduced breast cancer risk","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2005.11.003","article-title":"Induction of neutrophil extracellular DNA lattices by placental microparticles and IL-8 and their presence in preeclampsia","volume":"66","author":"Gupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2025.06.021","article-title":"Upregulation of PLAAT3 in syncytiotrophoblast induces activation of neutrophils via LPA-LPAR5 axis in preeclampsia","volume":"168","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa031884","article-title":"Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia","volume":"350","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.140293","article-title":"PAD4 deficiency decreases inflammation and susceptibility to pregnancy loss in a mouse model","volume":"95","author":"Erpenbeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2020.03.007","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps: The synergy source in the placentae of HIV infected women with pre-eclampsia","volume":"20","author":"Moodley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01047-z","article-title":"The role of neutrophils and their extracellular traps in the synergy of pre-eclampsia and HIV infection","volume":"22","author":"Moodley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-024-02298-6","article-title":"Placental neutrophil reverse trans-migration and maternal serum neutrophil extracellular trap expression in HIV infection co-morbid pre-eclampsia in women of African ancestry","volume":"162","author":"Moodley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2024.05.136","article-title":"The protective mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes against neutrophil extracellular trap-induced placental damage","volume":"153","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032366","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death: a predominant role of histones","volume":"7","author":"Saffarzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20140310","article-title":"Elevated venous thromboembolism risk in preeclampsia: molecular mechanisms and clinical impact","volume":"43","author":"Egan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003","article-title":"A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Sweeting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084261","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal immune dysregulation: What we know so far","volume":"22","author":"McElwain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0976","article-title":"Elevated first-trimester neutrophil count is closely associated with the development of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00702","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with altered neutrophil activity","volume":"8","author":"Stoikou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110168","article-title":"Mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps generation and their role in trophoblasts apoptosis in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"88","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0676-x","article-title":"NETosis is induced by high glucose and associated with type 2 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Menegazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03076","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces neutrophil extracellular traps formation through an NADPH oxidase-dependent pathway in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00542","article-title":"Excessive neutrophil activity in gestational diabetes mellitus: Could it contribute to the development of preeclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Vokalova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aoa.0000344666.82463.8d","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn202","article-title":"Pregnancy disorders that lead to delivery before the 28th week of gestation: an epidemiologic approach to classification","volume":"168","author":"McElrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198831","article-title":"The role of neutrophils in chorioamnionitis","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.040","article-title":"Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance","volume":"213","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gap054","article-title":"Leukocytes are primed in peripheral blood for activation during term and preterm labour","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116678690","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in the amniotic cavity of women with intra-amniotic infection: A new mechanism of host defense","volume":"24","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01308-x","article-title":"Cellular immune responses in amniotic fluid of women with preterm clinical chorioamnionitis","volume":"69","author":"Galaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1111\/aji.12617","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12617","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in acute chorioamnionitis: A mechanism of host defense","volume":"77","author":"Gomez-Lopez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13656","article-title":"NETs promote ROS production to induce human amniotic epithelial cell apoptosis via ERK1\/2 signaling in spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"89","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaah4576","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aah4576","article-title":"Group B Streptococcus circumvents neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps during amniotic cavity invasion and preterm labor","volume":"1","author":"Boldenow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103306","article-title":"Polymicrobial stimulation of human fetal membranes induce neutrophil activation and neutrophil extracellular trap release","volume":"145","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.115428","article-title":"Human fetal membranes generate distinct cytokine profiles in response to bacterial Toll-like receptor and nod-like receptor agonists","volume":"90","author":"Hoang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-34944-8_22","article-title":"Neutrophil attractant\/activating peptide-1\/interleukin-8 in term and preterm parturition","volume":"165","author":"Romero","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B130","article-title":"Bacteria and inflammatory cells reduce chorioamniotic membrane integrity and tensile strength","volume":"74","author":"Schoonmaker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00228-z","article-title":"Recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"6","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.01.017","article-title":"Immunologic causes and thrombophilia in recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"115","author":"Alecsandru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1210","article-title":"Diagnostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio to predict recurrent pregnancy loss and abortion; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hantoushzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Inflammation Dis"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1628337","article-title":"Decoding neutrophil extracellular traps and key gene drivers in unexplained pregnancy loss","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.11.025","article-title":"Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion","volume":"113","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2017.71s1-po4123","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: A review","volume":"331","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102864","article-title":"Pregnancy-related complications in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"132","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941586","article-title":"Placental damage in pregnancies with systemic lupus erythematosus: A narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Castellanos Gutierrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033231206446","article-title":"The prognostic value of neutrophile\/lymphocyte ratio and serum chemerin to predict maternal-fetal complications in pregnant systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"32","author":"Medina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.103978","article-title":"The role of first-trimester NLR (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and, systemic immune-response index (SIRI) in the prediction of composite adverse outcomes in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"158","author":"Sahin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03092-w","article-title":"Low-density granulocytes are related to shorter pregnancy duration but not to interferon alpha protein blood levels in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"Torell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000463","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2020-000463","article-title":"Activated low-density granulocytes in peripheral and intervillous blood and neutrophil inflammation in placentas from SLE pregnancies","volume":"8","author":"Stockfelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"key":"B143","article-title":"Decreased DNase1L3 secretion and associated antibodies induce impaired degradation of NETs in patients with sporadic SLE","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103411","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce trophoblasts pyroptosis via enhancing NLRP3 lactylation in SLE pregnancies","volume":"153","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.663660","article-title":"Decidual natural killer cells: A good nanny at the maternal-fetal interface during early pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.728291","article-title":"Role of decidual natural killer cells in human pregnancy and related pregnancy complications","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86390-0","article-title":"The enrichment of neutrophil extracellular traps impair the placentas of systemic lupus erythematosus through accumulating decidual NK cells","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10187","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients","volume":"46","author":"Cervera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224609","article-title":"The 2023 ACR\/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria","volume":"75","author":"Barbhaiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.02.007","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy loss: a disorder of inflammation","volume":"77","author":"Salmon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.04.038","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps aggravate placental injury in OAPS by facilitating activation of BNIP3 mediated mitophagy","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10765-z","article-title":"Mechanism of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome by inhibiting NETs-induced trophoblast pyroptosis","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B153","article-title":"CLASP: a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women","volume":"343","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00417-6","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8571-6","article-title":"Additional treatments for high-risk obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"53","author":"Ruffatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae324","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"45","author":"Patrono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab003","article-title":"The key contribution of platelet and vascular arachidonic acid metabolism to the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis","volume":"117","author":"Badimon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci81660","article-title":"Platelet-derived HMGB1 is a critical mediator of thrombosis","volume":"125","author":"Vogel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.10.013","article-title":"Role of platelets in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production and tissue injury","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216260","article-title":"Dual antiplatelet therapy inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps to reduce liver micrometastases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"567","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.202879","article-title":"Regulation of neutrophil extracellular trap formation by anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"345","author":"Lapponi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.04.001","article-title":"Role of thromboxane-dependent platelet activation in venous thrombosis: Aspirin effects in mouse model","volume":"107","author":"Tarantino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci61303","article-title":"Platelets induce neutrophil extracellular traps in transfusion-related acute lung injury","volume":"122","author":"Caudrillier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201406-1086oc","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps are pathogenic in primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation","volume":"191","author":"Sayah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa023","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin action","volume":"42","author":"LaMoia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216155","article-title":"Metformin inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps-promoted pancreatic carcinogenesis in obese mice","volume":"562","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2023.116889","article-title":"Metformin reverses impaired osteogenesis due to hyperglycemia-induced neutrophil extracellular traps formation","volume":"176","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9134","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169134","article-title":"Metformin mitigated obesity-driven cancer aggressiveness in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.64170","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in hepatocellular carcinoma are enriched in oxidized mitochondrial DNA which is highly pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1129-8","article-title":"The antidiabetic drug metformin blunts NETosis in vitro and reduces circulating NETosis biomarkers in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Menegazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702590","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02590-2017","article-title":"Impaired efferocytosis and neutrophil extracellular trap clearance by macrophages in ARDS","volume":"52","author":"Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2300","article-title":"VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"141","author":"Bates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119818","article-title":"Heparin: An old drug for new clinical applications","volume":"295","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109836","article-title":"Enoxaparin improves COVID-19 by reducing neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) production","volume":"257","author":"C\u00f3rneo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094805","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects and decreased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by enoxaparin in COVID-19 patients","volume":"23","author":"Saithong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.091439","article-title":"Histone variants in pluripotency and disease","volume":"140","author":"Skene","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3674","article-title":"Epigenetic protein families: a new frontier for drug discovery","volume":"11","author":"Arrowsmith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.337","article-title":"Release and activity of histone in diseases","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-015-0072-z","article-title":"Heparins attenuated histone-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and improved the survival in a rat model of histone-induced organ dysfunction","volume":"3","author":"Iba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209770","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for women's health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and\/or antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Andreoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13467","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine: A double-edged sword (Review)","volume":"31","author":"Huo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0836-0","article-title":"Increased neutrophil extracellular traps promote metastasis potential of hepatocellular carcinoma via provoking tumorous inflammatory response","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03520-4","article-title":"Spontaneous formation of neutrophil extracellular traps is associated with autophagy","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113673","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular DNA traps activate the TLR9 signaling pathway of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells in patients with type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxad005","article-title":"Chloroquine reduces neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation through inhibition of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)","volume":"211","author":"Ivey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45210-5","article-title":"PRL2 regulates neutrophil extracellular trap formation which contributes to severe malaria and acute lung injury","volume":"15","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054642","article-title":"Vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein in health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Delrue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030260","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its associations with skin color in pregnant women in the first trimester in a sample from Switzerland","volume":"9","author":"Richard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123763","article-title":"Maternal birthweight is associated with subsequent risk of vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050301","article-title":"Does maternal vitamin D deficiency increase the risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-018-9924-9","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms in pregnancy are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes","volume":"41","author":"Accortt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd008873.pub4","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Palacios","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00296-0","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D in pregnancy on maternal and offspring health-related outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Chien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057221111066","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation higher than 2000\u2009IU\/day compared to lower dose on maternal-fetal outcome: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Irwinda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45172","article-title":"Vitamin D both facilitates and attenuates the cellular response to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8089696","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 in combination with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on NETosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"2021","author":"Basyreva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11992","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911992","article-title":"A single oral vitamin D(3) bolus reduces inflammatory markers in healthy Saudi males","volume":"23","author":"AlGhamdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193963","article-title":"A single vitamin D(3) bolus supplementation improves vitamin D status and reduces proinflammatory cytokines in healthy females","volume":"14","author":"Alsufiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B200","article-title":"Vitamin D prevents endothelial damage induced by increased neutrophil extracellular traps formation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"46","author":"Handono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000033417","article-title":"Vitamin D can ameliorate premature ovarian failure by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps: A review","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.613597","article-title":"Deoxyribonuclease 1-mediated clearance of circulating chromatin prevents from immune cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, a phenomenon amplified by low trap1 activity: consequences for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Felux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798749\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:05:05Z","timestamp":1775801105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798749\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":202,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1798749","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"article-number":"1798749"}}