{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:16:20Z","timestamp":1778220980794,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between a multi-panel biomarker profile across the blood-brain barrier and the severity of white matter lesions (WML) in 42 patients [mean age: 60.3 \u00b1 12.1 years; 45.2% male], suggesting a potential inflammatory endotype rather than defining a distinct phenotype due to the cross-sectional design and limited sample size. We assessed the gut-brain axis role in WML pathogenesis through analysis of paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross-sectional clinical study, 42 patients (aged 16\u201378 years; inclusion of younger subjects was based on radiological confirmation of WML unrelated to acute cerebrovascular events) with radiologically confirmed WML were stratified into four severity groups based on combined Fazekas global score (range 0\u20133, incorporating both periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities). Levels of six biomarkers\u2014interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), S100 calcium-binding protein \u03b2 (S100\u03b2), and immunoglobulin G (IgG)\u2014were simultaneously quantified in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples using ELISA. Statistical analyses included: (1) group comparisons using one-way ANOVA with LSD\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests; (2) Spearman correlation analyses; (3) multivariable ordinal logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and BMI to control confounding; (4) False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons (Benjamini-Hochberg method).\n                      <jats:italic>Post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      power analysis and effect sizes (\u03b7\u00b2, Cohen\u2019s d) were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severity-dependent increases in IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and the gut-derived metabolite TMAO were observed in both serum and CSF. After adjustment for confounders, CSF TNF-\u03b1 (adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a01.95, 95% CI: 1.42\u20132.68, P&amp;lt;0.001) and serum MMP-2 (adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a01.72, 95% CI: 1.28\u20132.31, P&amp;lt;0.001) demonstrated the strongest correlations with WML severity among all biomarkers, establishing them as primary candidate biomarkers. An inverse concentration pattern (elevated serum\/decreased CSF) was observed for MMP-2, suggesting stage-specific roles in blood-brain barrier dynamics. CSF S100\u03b2 levels increased with severity (r=0.487, P&amp;lt;0.001), consistent with parenchymal injury. Regarding IgG, while univariate analysis showed marginal significance in CSF (P\u00a0=\u00a00.045), FDR correction rendered this non-significant (q=0.12), and no significant correlation was found with Fazekas grade (P\u00a0=\u00a00.068), suggesting limited association with WML severity in this cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests a potential neuroinflammatory profile in WML, characterized by coupled peripheral and central inflammation associated with gut-derived TMAO, though causality cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional design. CSF TNF-\u03b1 and serum MMP-2 are proposed as precision biomarkers for stratifying WML severity. These findings should be interpreted as a hypothesis-generating framework integrating dysregulated gut-brain axis signaling, central cytokine surges, and blood-brain barrier disruption into a unified pathogenic cascade, providing mechanistic insights for targeted anti-inflammatory strategies in cerebrovascular disease. However, the clinical applicability requires further validation given the invasive nature of CSF collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1799968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:57:04Z","timestamp":1778219824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum and cerebrospinal fluid neuroinflammatory biomarkers and trimethylamine N-oxide: associations with white matter lesion severity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jinan Shizhong District People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huicong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanqiang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 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