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In this pilot study, we investigated 22 lncRNAs in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients undergoing a six-week intensive multidisciplinary 23 rehabilitation program. Plasma samples from 26 PD patients were collected before (T0) and after (T1) 24 the intervention. Array profiling of 84 inflammation- and immunity-related lncRNAs revealed that 25 86% were differentially expressed post-intervention, with 55 upregulated (fold change &amp;gt;2) and 17 26 downregulated. Quantitative PCR confirmed significant upregulation of MALAT1, TUG1, and XIST 27 at T1 (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Plasma IL-1\u03b2 levels were also significantly reduced after rehabilitation (p = 0.01). A 28 2 significant reduction in UPDRS-III scores was observed at T1 (p = 0.031), reflecting improved motor 29 function; however, no significant correlation was found between clinical changes and molecular 30 findings. These preliminary, hypothesis-generating results suggest that rehabilitation may modulate 31 immune-related lncRNAs and inflammatory markers in PD, providing insights into their regulatory 32 roles in neuroinflammation and potential as biomarkers of response to rehabilitative interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1802091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T04:14:11Z","timestamp":1776658451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating long non-coding RNA signatures as biomarkers for inflammatory pathway regulation and rehabilitative outcomes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: toward a precision medicine approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi","place":["Milan, 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