{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:05:00Z","timestamp":1793037900482,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>MMP-9, dependent on zinc, is a key endopeptidase involved in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and immune-related pathological processes through its role in extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling. Compared with other immune-associated skin diseases, compelling evidence indicates aberrant MMP-9 expression in psoriasis, vitiligo, bullous pemphigoid, and melanoma. MMP-9 modulates the pathological progression of these disorders through multiple mechanisms, including regulation of immune responses, inflammatory cascades, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling, thereby demonstrating considerable translational potential. MMP-9 emerges as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target, but clinical validation remains limited. Currently, the clinical application of MMP-9 inhibitors is plagued by several critical drawbacks, such as poor selectivity, off-target effects, severe toxic side effects, and unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the exploration of novel MMP-9 inhibitors and the conduction of well-designed, adequately powered clinical trials are urgently warranted and of great clinical necessity. This comprehensive review systematically examines the molecular regulatory network of MMP-9 in immune-mediated dermatological disorders and evaluates its translational capacity as a biomarker and therapeutic target, along with its clinical applications and key challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1802353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:43:06Z","timestamp":1774248186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in immune-mediated skin diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Hainan Province","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Affliated Dermatology Hospital of Hainan Medical University","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Hospital of Jiangxi Province","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Hospital of Jiangxi Province","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Skin Diseases","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical School of Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Hainan Province","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Affliated Dermatology Hospital of Hainan Medical University","place":["Haikou, Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.261898","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases at a glance","volume":"137","author":"Hey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867329666220823112731","article-title":"Physiological properties, functions, and trends in the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in inflammation-mediated human diseases","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000349","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: From molecular mechanisms to physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology","volume":"74","author":"de Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040491","article-title":"Infarct in the heart: What's MMP-9 got to do with it","volume":"11","author":"Becirovic-Agic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15701","article-title":"Multifunctional intracellular matrix metalloproteinases: Implications in disease","volume":"288","author":"Bassiouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000070112.80711.3D","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: Structure, function, and biochemistry","volume":"92","author":"Visse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1451611","article-title":"MMP9: Link between neuropathy and colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Regalado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.02.005","article-title":"Biochemical and biological attributes of matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"147","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S468494","article-title":"Hypochlorous acid for wound healing in diabetic rats: Effect on MMP-9 and histology","volume":"17","author":"Irawan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cosmetic Investigat Dermatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103328","article-title":"The role of autoimmunity and autoinflammation in giant cell arteritis: A systematic literature review","volume":"22","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13529","article-title":"Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in corneal neovascularization","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03414-x","article-title":"ZnO colludes with C. acnes in healing delay and scar hyperplasia by barrier destruction","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094460","article-title":"Transcriptional study of radiofrequency device using experimental mouse model","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450124666230719105849","article-title":"Targets involved in skin aging and photoaging and their possible inhibitors: A mini-review","volume":"24","author":"de Moura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2024.00227.0032","article-title":"Relationships between MMP-2, MMP-9, and ADAMDEC1 serum and tissue levels in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"41","author":"Mozooni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2025AO1237","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the expression of fibrinolytic system components and metalloproteinase-9 in women with early-stage and metastases breast cancer in Tucum\u00e1n, Argentina","volume":"23","author":"\u00c1leman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Einstein (Sao Paulo Brazil)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.47162\/RJME.65.1.06","article-title":"MMP1, MMP9, MMP11 and MMP13 in melanoma and its metastasis - key points in understanding the mechanisms and celerity of tumor dissemination","volume":"65","author":"Mastalier Manolescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Romanian J Morphol Embryol = Rev Roumaine Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.10.035","article-title":"Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) regulate NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent cytokine and neutrophil extracellular trap responses in primary neutrophils","volume":"155","author":"Leal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07960-w","article-title":"The crosstalk of monocyte-neutrophil in hair follicles regulates neutrophil transepidermal migration in contact dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16031","article-title":"Resveratrol differentially affects MMP-9 release from neurons and glia; implications for therapeutic efficacy","volume":"168","author":"Amontree","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003173","article-title":"Involvement of interferon \u03b3-producing mast cells in immune responses against melanocytes in vitiligo requires Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 activation","volume":"138","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.143024","article-title":"Inflammatory indices reflect distinct pathogenic cellular programs driving sepsis progression: The role of mmp9 protein macromolecules","volume":"309","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1552948","article-title":"NINJ1 and MMP9: Potential biomarkers for intracranial atherosclerosis plaque vulnerability","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2024.11.002","article-title":"Morin, a matrix metalloproteinase 9 inhibitor, attenuates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in atherosclerosis by downregulating Notch-1 signaling","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Investigation of RNA interference suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in mouse model of atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101029","article-title":"Interleukin-33 is a novel immunosuppressor that protects cancer cells from TIL killing by a macrophage-mediated shedding mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinheim Baden-Wurttemberg Germany)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18333","article-title":"Psoriasis treat to target: Defining outcomes in psoriasis using data from a real-world, population-based cohort study (the British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register, BADBIR)","volume":"182","author":"Mahil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.70019","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides in psoriasis, depression, and anxiety","volume":"241","author":"Keenan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1388690","article-title":"Discovery of biomarkers in the psoriasis through machine learning and dynamic immune infiltration in three types of skin lesions","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2018.1489831","article-title":"Serum of patients with psoriasis modulates the production of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in cells of monocytic lineage","volume":"47","author":"Amezcua-Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-021-00395-1","article-title":"Extracellular matrix alterations in the skin of patients affected by psoriasis","volume":"22","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00068","article-title":"Unraveling the ECM-immune cell crosstalk in skin diseases","volume":"7","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2014.01.068","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and their role in psoriasis","volume":"540","author":"Mezentsev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-012-1251-3","article-title":"Modification of osteopontin and MMP-9 levels in patients with psoriasis on anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy","volume":"304","author":"Buommino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2022.0225","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor show a functional hierarchy to regulate the production of matrix metalloproteases by monocytes from patients with psoriasis","volume":"43","author":"Springall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2009.01.001","article-title":"Mice that lack matrix metalloproteinase-9 display delayed wound healing associated with delayed reepithelization and disordered collagen fibrillogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Kyriakides","year":"2009","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.07.028","article-title":"Neutrophils enhance cutaneous vascular dilation and permeability to aggravate psoriasis by releasing matrix metallopeptidase 9","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.09.006","article-title":"MMP-9 mediates cross-talk between neutrophils and endothelial cells in psoriasis","volume":"141","author":"Alves-Filho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08977194.2024.2430205","article-title":"Plasma levels and diagnostic utility of VEGF, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in the diagnosis of psoriasis forms","volume":"42","author":"Chihaoui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Growth Factors (Chur Switzerland)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111679","article-title":"Unconjugated bilirubin and its derivative ameliorate IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice by inhibiting MMP9 and MAPK pathway","volume":"130","author":"Bharatha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.014","article-title":"Vitiligo pathogenesis and emerging treatments","volume":"35","author":"Rashighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Clinics"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2326297","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with vitiligo: An analysis of current evidence","volume":"56","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1294919","article-title":"Management of the refractory vitiligo patient: Current therapeutic strategies and future options","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13418","article-title":"Psychodermatology of vitiligo: Psychological impact and consequences","volume":"33","author":"Simons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14107","article-title":"Aberrant ETS-1 signalling impedes the expression of cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinases in non-segmental vitiligo","volume":"29","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ejdv.ejdv_37_21","article-title":"Assessment of tissue expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 level in patients with vitiligo and its relation to disease pattern, activity, and severity","volume":"42","author":"Samar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egyptian J Dermatol Venerol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.09.040","article-title":"Estimation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and interleukin-17 tissue levels in stable, non-segmental vitiligo","volume":"143","author":"Mashaly","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/ei.2021.00018","article-title":"The two faces of mast cells in vitiligo pathogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Katayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad148","article-title":"Impact of house dust mite in vitiligo skin: Environmental contribution to increased cutaneous immunity and melanocyte detachment","volume":"189","author":"Bzioueche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4478","article-title":"Role of the p53-TRPM1\/miR-211-MMP9 axis in UVB-induced human melanocyte migration and its potential in repigmentation","volume":"45","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133772","article-title":"Type-1 cytokines regulate MMP-9 production and E-cadherin disruption to promote melanocyte loss in vitiligo","volume":"5","author":"Boukhedouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10324.x","article-title":"Altered levels of Ets-1 transcription factor and matrix metalloproteinases in melanocytes from patients with vitiligo","volume":"165","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524022666220621125552","article-title":"Melanocyte adhesion and apoptosis in vitiligo: Linking puzzle blocks","volume":"23","author":"Srivastava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316786","article-title":"From molecular insights to clinical perspectives in drug-associated bullous pemphigoid","volume":"24","author":"de Nicolas-Ruanes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754241266171","article-title":"Serum biomarkers in bullous pemphigoid: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cutaneous Med Surg"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.11.076","article-title":"Subepithelial autoimmune blistering dermatoses: Clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"85","author":"Montagnon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01858","article-title":"Blister fluid induces MMP-9-associated M2-type macrophages in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"10","author":"Riani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15125","article-title":"Reactivity against the BP180 ectodomain in patients with bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson disease","volume":"33","author":"Tegtmeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.08.008","article-title":"Serum levels of IgE anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 autoantibodies in patients with bullous pemphigoid","volume":"49","author":"Ishiura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117196","article-title":"92-kD gelatinase is produced by eosinophils at the site of blister formation in bullous pemphigoid and cleaves the extracellular domain of recombinant 180-kD bullous pemphigoid autoantigen","volume":"93","author":"St\u00e5hle-B\u00e4ckdahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01521.x","article-title":"Respective contribution of neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the degradation of BP180 (type XVII collagen) in human bullous pemphigoid","volume":"117","author":"Verraes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1674","article-title":"Granulocyte-derived elastase and gelatinase B are required for dermal-epidermal separation induced by autoantibodies from patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous pemphigoid","volume":"204","author":"Shimanovich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300080","article-title":"The Eotaxin-1\/CCR3 axis and matrix metalloproteinase-9 are critical in anti-NC16A IgE-induced bullous pemphigoid","volume":"211","author":"Jordan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00821-8","article-title":"Cutaneous melanoma","volume":"402","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1471267","article-title":"Identification and validation of matrix metalloproteinase hub genes as potential biomarkers for skin cutaneous melanoma","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010238","article-title":"Hold on or cut? Integrin- and MMP-mediated cell-matrix interactions in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"22","author":"Niland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051151","article-title":"Functional roles of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in melanoma","volume":"9","author":"Napoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2024.105883","article-title":"Three dimensional reconstruction of skin with melanoma: A model for study of invasion in vitro","volume":"99","author":"Aranha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitro"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147804","article-title":"Skin Malignant melanoma and matrix metalloproteinases: Promising links to efficient therapies","volume":"25","author":"Lazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040794","article-title":"Natural products as regulators against matrix metalloproteinases for the treatment of cancer","volume":"12","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01370","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Quintero-Fabi\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413558","article-title":"Targeting matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in melanoma","volume":"25","author":"Szczygielski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0646","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy: Turning past failures into future successes","volume":"17","author":"Winer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.12.015","article-title":"Design and characterization of matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogels for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"157","author":"Noddeland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00265","article-title":"Protease-responsive hydrogel microparticles for intradermal drug delivery","volume":"24","author":"Noddeland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404966","article-title":"A smart MMP-9-responsive hydrogel releasing M2 macrophage-derived exosomes for diabetic wound healing","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Healthcare Mater"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.09.006","article-title":"MMP-9 responsive hydrogel promotes diabetic wound healing by suppressing ferroptosis of endothelial cells","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111453","article-title":"Injectable matrix metalloproteinase-responsive polypeptide hydrogels as drug depots for antitumor chemo-immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11080647","article-title":"Hydrogel-based treatment of diabetic wounds: From smart responsive to smart monitoring","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gels (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4tb02857k","article-title":"A MMP9-responsive nanozyme hydrogel to promote diabetic wound healing by reconstructing the balance of pro-inflammation and anti-inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03470-3","article-title":"Catalase-encapsulated matrix metalloproteinase-9 responsive nanogels for modulation of inflammatory response and treatment of neutrophilic asthma","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040479","article-title":"Applications of matrix metalloproteinase-9-related nanomedicines in tumors and vascular diseases","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202500174","article-title":"Drug delivery platform targeting MMP9 in combination with photothermal therapy to improve tumor chemosensitivity","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Healthcare Mater"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112082","article-title":"Geniposide ameliorates psoriatic skin inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB p65 signaling pathway and MMP9","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S417954","article-title":"Deciphering the mechanism of Xijiao Dihuang decoction in treating psoriasis by network pharmacology and experimental validation","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1055363","article-title":"Banzhilian formula alleviates psoriasis-like lesions via the LCN2\/MMP-9 axis based on transcriptome analysis","volume":"14","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176517","article-title":"Inhibition of melanoma cell migration and invasion by natural coumarin auraptene through regulating EMT markers and reducing MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity","volume":"971","author":"Hosseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13454","article-title":"The JAK2\/STAT3 pathway is involved in the anti-melanoma effects of atractylenolide I","volume":"27","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-02981-4","article-title":"Galbanic acid suppresses melanoma cell migration and invasion by reducing MMP activity and downregulating N-cadherin and fibronectin","volume":"397","author":"Azad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01785-6","article-title":"Oral delivery of dihydroartemisinin for the treatment of melanoma via bovine milk exosomes","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Trans Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1802353\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T06:43:07Z","timestamp":1774248187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1802353\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1802353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1802353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"article-number":"1802353"}}