{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:31:09Z","timestamp":1786516269104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite advances in lupus nephritis (LN) management, its heterogenous nature poses challenges in predicting treatment response. Multiplexed spatial proteomics offers a potential solution to dissect the heterogeneity of treatment response in LN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Renal response was assessed in 16 LN patients undergoing physician-directed induction therapy. Baseline biopsies from these patients were subjected to 34-plex spatial proteomics. A total of 53 glomerular and 49 tubulointerstitial regions of interest from these LN patients and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) controls were analyzed for spatial predictors of treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were increased glomerular and tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates in LN kidneys compared to RCC controls, including CD45RO, HLA-DR, and CD68-positive cells. Interestingly, there was increased glomerular and interstitial collagen I, collagen IV deposition, and fibronectin extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in class V compared to class IV LN. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates and\u00a0fibrosis in pre-treatment biopsies predicted non-response (NR) to immunosuppressive therapy, including leukocytes expressing CD45RO, HLA-DR, CD4, CD14, and CD163 and collagen I, collagen IV, and fibronectin expression. Increased tubular and parietal epithelial cell expression of the activation\/injury marker VCAM-1 also marked treatment NR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As defined by multiplexed spatial proteomics, increased infiltration of activated T cells and CD163\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      M2 macrophages, glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and heightened expression of the injury marker VCAM-1 portend poor response to immunosuppressive treatment in LN.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1802673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:56:58Z","timestamp":1786514218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["T cell, M2 macrophage infiltration and collagen, fibronectin, VCAM-1 expression portend poor outcome in lupus nephritis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sen Hee","family":"Tay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, National University Hospital","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anto Sam Crosslee","family":"Louis Sam Titus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinaika","family":"Maruvada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston","place":["Houston, TX, United 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