{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:39:49Z","timestamp":1788021589033,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007194","name":"Universidad de Santiago de Chile","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Piscirickettsia salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an intracellular bacterium responsible for Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS) in Atlantic salmon. This pathogen survives within macrophages, hindering immune clearance. In mammals, CD8+ T lymphocytes represent a crucial component of adaptive immunity, as they specifically recognize and eliminate cells infected by intracellular pathogens. Evidence indicates that an analogous mechanism may also operate in teleost fish. Here, the role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the immune response against\n                    <jats:italic>P. salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was investigated in Atlantic salmon (\n                    <jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Using autologous dorsal fin-derived target cells and leukocytes from infected donors, an\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model to assess antigen-specific cytotoxicity was established. Fin-derived cells internalized\n                    <jats:italic>P. salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and trafficked the bacteria to lysosomal compartments, supporting antigen processing and MHC-I presentation. Sensitized leukocytes exhibited robust antigen-specific lysis of infected target cells, whereas non-specific lysis was negligible. Depletion of CD8a+ cells from sensitized peripheral blood leukocytes resulted in a loss of cytotoxic activity. These CD8a+ cells expressed CD3\u03b6 and TCR\u03b2 transcripts, confirming the T-cell phenotype of the effector population. Together, these results provide the first functional evidence that Atlantic salmon mount CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxic responses against\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , highlighting cell-mediated immunity as a critical component of host defense, being a promising target for next-generation vaccines against SRS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1803394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:45:24Z","timestamp":1775018724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Piscirickettsia salmonis elicited an antigen-specific cytotoxic response dependent on CD8+ T cells in Atlantic salmon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Felipe","family":"Barraza-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Wong-Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Waterloo","place":["Waterloo, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Henriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microscop\u00eda Fot\u00f3nica Avanzada, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Maisey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Waterloo","place":["Waterloo, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Imarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01284","article-title":"Current status of the use of antibiotics and the antimicrobial resistance in the Chilean salmon farms","volume":"9","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Informaci\u00f3n sanitaria de agua dulce y mar","year":"2024"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00303.x","article-title":"First isolation of Piscirickettsia salmonis from coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), during the freshwater stage of their life cycle","volume":"18","author":"Gagguero","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.06.017","article-title":"The use of fish vaccines in the Chilean salmon industry 1999-2003","volume":"270","author":"Bravo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-1-120","article-title":"Piscirickettsia salmonis gen. nov. sp. nov. the Causative Agent of an Epizootic Disease in Salmonid Fishes\u2020","volume":"42","author":"Fryer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.027","article-title":"A vaccine against the salmonid pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis based on recombinant proteins","volume":"24","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02403","article-title":"Broth medium for the successful culture of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis","volume":"97","author":"Yanez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-1-120","article-title":"Piscirickettsia salmonis gen. nov. sp. nov. the causative agent of an epizootic disease in salmonid fishes","volume":"42","author":"Fryer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1244483","article-title":"Vaccines for piscirickettsiosis (salmonid rickettsial septicaemia, SRS): the Chile perspective.","volume":"16","author":"Maisey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22295","article-title":"Productive infection of Piscirickettsia salmonis in macrophages and monocyte-like cells from rainbow trout, a possible survival strategy","volume":"108","author":"Rojas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11070993","article-title":"Commercial Vaccines Do Not Confer Protection against Two Genogroups of Piscirickettsia salmonis, LF-89 and EM-90, in Atlantic Salmon","volume":"11","author":"Figueroa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70847-9","article-title":"Host genetic variation explains reduced protection of commercial vaccines against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic salmon","volume":"10","author":"Figueroa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040703","article-title":"The analysis of live-attenuated Piscirickettsia salmonis vaccine reveals the short-term upregulation of innate and adaptive immune genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): An in situ open-sea cages study","volume":"9","author":"Vargas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology4040640","article-title":"T cells in fish","volume":"4","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watbs.2026.100580","article-title":"Fish CD8+ T cells: Current knowledge and research perspectives","author":"Zou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Biol Secur"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri819","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocytes: all roads lead to death","volume":"2","author":"Barry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.07.010","article-title":"CD8(+) T cells: foot soldiers of the immune system","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.03.018","article-title":"Cytotoxic CD8alpha+ leucocytes have heterogeneous features in antigen recognition and class I MHC restriction in grouper","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147477","article-title":"Distribution of T cells in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin and responsiveness to viral infection","volume":"11","author":"Leal","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.12.002","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against CD4\u20131 and CD8alpha of ginbuna crucian carp with lymphocytes of zebrafish and other cyprinid species","volume":"80","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.11.017","article-title":"Characterisation of salmon and trout CD8alpha and CD8beta","volume":"42","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.02.020","article-title":"Evaluating antigen-specific cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in fish by granzyme B-like activity","volume":"141","author":"Toda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.11.001","article-title":"Identification of anti-viral cytotoxic effector cells in the ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii","volume":"39","author":"Somamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1486","article-title":"Role of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in protecting fish from viral infections","volume":"297","author":"Somamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.019","article-title":"Expression profiles of TCRbeta and CD8alpha mRNA correlate with virus-specific cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in ginbuna crucian carp","volume":"348","author":"Somamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.04.008","article-title":"In vitro generation of viral-antigen dependent cytotoxic T-cells from ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii","volume":"389","author":"Somamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.07.014","article-title":"Antiviral functions of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells in teleost fish.","volume":"43","author":"Somamoto, Koppang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2006.04.008","article-title":"Cell-mediated cytotoxicity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus","volume":"22","author":"Utke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.05.010","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune responses in rainbow trout after DNA immunization against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus","volume":"32","author":"Utke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.08.001","article-title":"Diversity of teleost leukocyte molecules: role of alternative splicing","volume":"31","author":"Maisey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.729017","article-title":"Dynamics of polarized macrophages and activated CD8(+) cells in heart tissue of atlantic salmon infected with piscine orthoreovirus-1","volume":"12","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110974","article-title":"Immune profiling in asymptomatic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) naturally infected with Orthoreovirus piscis-1 (PRV-1)","volume":"168","author":"Espinoza-Vega","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838484","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.838484","article-title":"Cytotoxic efficiency of human CD8(+) T cell memory subtypes","volume":"13","author":"Knorck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.06307-11","article-title":"Nocardia brasiliensis induces an immunosuppressive microenvironment that favors chronic infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"80","author":"Rosas-Taraco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.1.353","article-title":"CD8+ CTL from lungs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice express perforin in vivo and lyse infected macrophages","volume":"165","author":"Serbina","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-013-9661-x","article-title":"The primary culture of mirror carp snout and caudal fin tissues and the isolation of Koi herpesvirus","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1996.0076","article-title":"Characterisation of a long-term cell line (SHK-1) developed from the head kidney of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)","volume":"7","author":"Dannevig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.04.007","article-title":"A comparison of rainbow trout cell lines for their expression of the major histocompatibility complex genes and the induction of beta-2-microglobulin by dsRNA","volume":"29","author":"Kawano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.666356","article-title":"Interferon gamma induces the increase of cell-surface markers (CD80\/86, CD83 and MHC-II) in splenocytes from atlantic salmon","volume":"12","author":"Morales-Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500439","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of salmonid CD4+ T cells","volume":"196","author":"Maisey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110929","article-title":"Structure and expression kinetics of Piscirickettsia salmonis sdhA during infection of Atlantic salmon macrophage-like cells","volume":"168","author":"Cortes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060097","article-title":"Infectivity of a Scottish isolate of Piscirickettsia salmonis for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and immune response of salmon to this agent","volume":"60","author":"Birkbeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Organ"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2008.00948.x","article-title":"Real time PCR detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues","volume":"31","author":"Karatas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.07.010","article-title":"Characterisation of rainbow trout peripheral blood leucocytes prepared by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes, and analysis of their phagocytic activity, proliferation and response to PAMPs and proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"88","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040725","article-title":"Cellular immune responses in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) following vaccination and challenge against salmonid alphavirus (SAV)","volume":"8","author":"Veenstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.967679","article-title":"CTLs: Killers of intracellular bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5026903","article-title":"A novel tissue culture method to produce professional antigen-presenting cells from rainbow trout in vitro","volume":"200205","author":"Vo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12578","article-title":"Growth characteristics of the intracellular pathogen, Piscirickettsia salmonis, in tissue culture and cell-free media","volume":"40","author":"Makrinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13388","article-title":"Lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles in immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Watts","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.544718","article-title":"Non-specific antibodies induce lysosomal activation in atlantic salmon macrophages infected by piscirickettsia salmonis","volume":"11","author":"Perez-Stuardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006600","article-title":"Differential role for CD80 and CD86 in the regulation of the innate immune response in murine polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"4","author":"Nolan","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00616-14","article-title":"CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage differentiation and enhances HIV infection","volume":"88","author":"Zhen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/biology5010006","article-title":"MHC and evolution in teleosts.","volume":"5","author":"Grimholt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology5010006","article-title":"MHC and evolution in teleosts","volume":"5","author":"Grimholt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094899","article-title":"Antigen presentation and autophagy in teleost adaptive immunity","volume":"23","author":"Johnstone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13047","article-title":"Summary and comparison of the perforin in teleosts and mammals: A review","volume":"94","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12671","article-title":"Comparative pathogenesis of piscirickettsiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolt experimentally challenged with LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis isolates","volume":"40","author":"Rozas-Serri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040703","article-title":"The analysis of live-attenuated Piscirickettsia salmonis vaccine reveals the short-term upregulation of innate and adaptive immune genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): An in situ open-sea cages study.","volume":"9","author":"Vargas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.11.016","article-title":"Role of CD4(+) and CD8alpha(+) T cells in protective immunity against Edwardsiella tarda infection of ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii","volume":"36","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1019404","article-title":"Why vaccines fail against Piscirickettsiosis in farmed salmon and trout and how to avoid it: A review","volume":"13","author":"Valenzuela-Aviles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030473","article-title":"Comparative Reverse Vaccinology of Piscirickettsia salmonis, Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio Anguillarum and Moritella viscosa, Frequent Pathogens of Atlantic Salmon and Lumpfish Aquaculture","volume":"10","author":"Chukwu-Osazuwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00426","article-title":"Transcriptomic changes of Piscirickettsia salmonis during intracellular growth in a salmon macrophage-like cell line","volume":"9","author":"Zuniga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1244483","article-title":"Vaccines for piscirickettsiosis (salmonid rickettsial septicaemia, SRS): the Chile perspective","volume":"16","author":"Maisey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi096","article-title":"Rapid evolution of the MH class I locus results in different allelic compositions in recently diverged populations of Atlantic salmon","volume":"22","author":"Consuegra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-002-0499-8","article-title":"The major histocompatibility class I locus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): polymorphism, linkage analysis and protein modelling","volume":"54","author":"Grimholt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1849843","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1803394\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:36:48Z","timestamp":1779125808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1803394\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1803394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1803394","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"article-number":"1803394"}}