{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T06:34:09Z","timestamp":1777358049011,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Otitis media (OM) remains a prevalent and multifactorial inflammatory disease of the middle ear, especially in pediatric populations. The immune system, particularly pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), plays a central role in detecting microbial pathogens and initiating host defenses. TLR2 and TLR4 mediate bacterial clearance but exhibit subtype-specific dysregulation in chronic OM forms. NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 modulate intracellular pathogen sensing and inflammasome activation, while RIG-I governs antiviral immunity. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are emerging as modulators of both innate and adaptive responses, yet their mechanistic roles remain insufficiently explored. Cross-talk among PRRs and immune evasion by microbial biofilms contribute to chronicity and recurrence. Understanding these interactions and age- or genotype-related PRR variations may inform precision immunotherapies. This review summarizes current understanding of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid\u2013inducible gene I-like receptors (RLRs), and CLRs in OM pathophysiology. By elucidating the PRR-mediated signaling landscape, this review highlights the intricate PRR-mediated signaling landscape in OM, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets and future translational strategies for improving OM management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1804078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:36:33Z","timestamp":1777354593000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pattern recognition receptor signaling in otitis media: immune crosstalk and pathogenic mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mingwen","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The People\u2019s Hospital of Baoan","place":["Shenzhen, 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