{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:25:09Z","timestamp":1788830709241,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors, both as monotherapy and in combination regimens, have become a mainstay of systemic therapies for patients with advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, evidence from clinical trials and real-world studies consistently demonstrates that only a subset of patients achieves long-term clinical benefit. A significant proportion of patients exhibit primary resistance or develop acquired resistance during treatment, resulting in low objective response (OR) rates, brief illness control duration, and increased complexity of successive therapeutic lines. The primary constraint in modern practice stems from the lack of reliable, generalizable, and therapeutically applicable techniques for predicting resistance to immunotherapy. This deficiency severely limits effective pretreatment risk stratification, early detection of resistance, and the formulation of rational strategies to overcome immune resistance. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the primary causes of resistance to HCC immunotherapy, evaluates recent developments in resistance prediction, and focuses particular attention on emerging intervention strategies and potential clinical translation. Thus, it aims to offer practical guidance for enhancing treatment decision-making and to inform the development of future prospective validation studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1804366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:43:50Z","timestamp":1776059030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Overcoming immune resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into mechanisms, predictive factors, and interventional strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhenxao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University","place":["Changchun, Jilin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70043","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2026","volume":"76","author":"Siegel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.84388","article-title":"Hmgb1-mediated elevation of Klf7 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis through upregulating Tlr4 and Ptk2","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01042-6","article-title":"The Lancet commission on addressing the global hepatocellular carcinoma burden: Comprehensive strategies from prevention to treatment","volume":"406","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.23.02745","article-title":"Systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Asco guideline update","volume":"42","author":"Gordan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curpro.2025.100055","article-title":"Spatial omics: Deciphering heterogeneity in the tumor immune microenvironment and resistance to immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Proteomics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2023","article-title":"The liver as a central \"hub\" of the immune system: Pathophysiological implications","volume":"105","author":"Ronca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2022.08.003","article-title":"Strategies for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Dis Int"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003060","article-title":"Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.08.028","article-title":"Easl clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"82","author":"Sangro","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0824","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: Updates on epidemiology, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Hwang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.03.033","article-title":"Five-year overall survival update from the Himalaya study of Tremelimumab plus Durvalumab in unresectable Hcc","volume":"83","author":"Rimassa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00961-3","article-title":"Camrelizumab plus Rivoceranib versus Sorafenib as first-line therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (Cares-310): A randomized, open-label, international phase 3 study","volume":"402","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02075-w","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: Signaling pathways and therapeutic advances","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00812-8","article-title":"Novel Ici\u2013Tki combination improves Hcc outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Killock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00868-0","article-title":"Adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Llovet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.216038","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"555","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.01.007","article-title":"Precision treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44355-025-00018-y","article-title":"Improving immunotherapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Learning from patients and preclinical models","volume":"2","author":"Desert","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Gut Liver"},{"key":"B19","year":""},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102000","article-title":"Lta4h improves the tumor microenvironment and prevents Hcc progression via targeting the Hnrnpa1\/Ltbp1\/Tgf-B axis","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01674-3","article-title":"Therapeutic cancer vaccines: Advancements, challenges, and prospects","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2024.01.009","article-title":"Targeting Mhc-I inhibitory pathways for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2902052","article-title":"Drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: Theoretical basis and therapeutic aspects","volume":"29","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00852-8","article-title":"Overcoming immunoevasion in Mhc class I-deficient cancers","volume":"5","author":"Danelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B25","year":""},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.54648","article-title":"Immunotherapy for targeting cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331342","article-title":"Targeting Mmp9 in Ctnnb1 mutant hepatocellular carcinoma restores Cd8(+) T cell-mediated antitumor immunity and improves anti-Pd-1 efficacy","volume":"73","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00762-6","article-title":"Wnt\/B-catenin signaling: Function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02363-1","article-title":"Wnt\/B-catenin mediated signaling pathways in cancer: Recent advances, and applications in cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112534","article-title":"Activation of Wnt\/B-catenin signaling promotes immune evasion via the B-catenin\/Ikzf1\/Ccl5 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"138","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1592837","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms of immune evasion and therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115584","article-title":"The role of metabolic reprogramming in the tumor immune microenvironment: Mechanisms and opportunities for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116021","article-title":"Targeting metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma to overcome therapeutic resistance: A comprehensive review","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011537","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011537","article-title":"Multiomics identifies tumor-intrinsic Srebp1 driving immune exclusion in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Dadey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006728","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-006728","article-title":"Tryptophan depletion sensitizes the Ahr pathway by increasing Ahr expression and Gcn2\/Lat1-mediated kynurenine uptake, and potentiates induction of regulatory T lymphocytes","volume":"11","author":"Solvay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0827","article-title":"Soluble Hla class I is released from human B-cells following exposure to interferons","volume":"74","author":"Akhbari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1538658","article-title":"M6a epitranscriptomic modification in hepatocellular carcinoma: Implications for the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02277-y","article-title":"Autophagy in tumor immune escape and immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2024.101170","article-title":"Autophagy in cancer development, immune evasion, and drug resistance","volume":"78","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Resist Update"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.10.012","article-title":"Pericancerous cross-presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes impairs immunotherapeutic efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01549-2","article-title":"Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and prospectives","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02378-8","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2025.101234","article-title":"Pd-L1(+) tumor-associated macrophages induce Cd8(+) T cell exhaustion in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"69","author":"Nosaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101415","article-title":"Disruption of Mertk increases the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor by enhancing ferroptosis and immune response in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01725-x","article-title":"Roles of tumor-associated macrophages in anti-Pd-1\/Pd-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00740-4","article-title":"Caf-induced physical constraints controlling T cell state and localization in solid tumors","volume":"24","author":"Arpinati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/fbl44837","article-title":"Understanding the cancer-associated fibroblast (Caf) and its biomarker fibroblast activation protein (Fap), and aspects in human liver cancer","volume":"30","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01600-2","article-title":"Cancer associated fibroblasts and metabolic reprogramming: Unraveling the intricate crosstalk in tumor evolution","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01308-4","article-title":"Immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: From pathogenesis to immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Seyhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1628573","article-title":"Multidimensional insights into exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma: From genesis to clinical application","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02233-w","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity: Mechanisms and novel insights","volume":"24","author":"Kuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-025-02251-x","article-title":"Noninvasive prediction of the clinical benefit of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Ono","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17441","article-title":"Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Results from a German real-world cohort","volume":"57","author":"Jost-Brinkmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-04028-1","article-title":"Prognostic value of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111863","article-title":"Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts tumor response and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing immunotherapies","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101621","article-title":"Advances and prospects of biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00774-2","article-title":"The evolving landscape of biomarkers for systemic therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11003-0","article-title":"Combination of alpha-fetoprotein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to predict treatment response and survival outcomes of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08428-w","article-title":"Reductions in afp and pivka-ii can predict the efficiency of anti-pd-1 immunotherapy in hcc patients","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4003","article-title":"Tislelizumab vs sorafenib as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A phase 3 randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915745","article-title":"Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"382","author":"Finn","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.11.030","article-title":"Updated efficacy and safety data from Imbrave150: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs. sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"76","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B63","year":""},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-024-02150-7","article-title":"Crafity score as a predictive marker for refractoriness to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"59","author":"Ueno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10613-x","article-title":"The TAE score predicts prognosis of unresectable HCC patients treated with TACE plus lenvatinib with PD-1 inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34799","article-title":"A-FATE: A new predictive score of response to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"154","author":"Rossari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10358-z","article-title":"Prognostic impact of C-reactive protein and alpha-fetoprotein in immunotherapy score in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.035","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immunotherapy - Development and validation of the CRAFITY score","volume":"76","author":"Scheiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113976","article-title":"Prognostic impact of CRAFITY score in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10580-3","article-title":"The MAPS-CRAFITY score: A novel efficacy predictive tool for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with targeted therapy plus immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-023-01753-z","article-title":"The GRAPHS-CRAFITY score: A novel efficacy predictive tool for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immunotherapy","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.11.030","article-title":"Battle of the biopsies: Role of tissue and liquid biopsy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"80","author":"Lehrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-331956","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma across tumor stages and treatments","volume":"73","author":"Campani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10680-8","article-title":"Clinical significance of circulating biomarkers of immune-checkpoint molecules with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Chuma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16132410","article-title":"Serial changes of circulating tumor cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab","volume":"16","author":"Murata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1485628","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in hepatocellular carcinoma: Unraveling immunological mechanisms for enhanced diagnosis and overcoming drug resistance","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062794","article-title":"Harnessing plasma biomarkers to predict immunotherapy outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma: The role of cfDNA, ctDNA, and cytokines","volume":"26","author":"Vargas-Accarino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1577","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma-circulating tumor cells expressing PD-L1 are prognostic and potentially associated with response to checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"4","author":"Winograd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad168","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA clinical applications in hepatocellular carcinoma: Current trends and future perspectives","volume":"70","author":"Bardol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00816-4","article-title":"Biomarkers for immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Greten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01759-1","article-title":"Exosome-derived circCCAR1 promotes CD8\u2009+\u2009T-cell dysfunction and anti-PD1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.143246","article-title":"Circular RNA CDYL facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma stemness and PD-L1+ exosomes-mediated immunotherapy resistance via stabilizing hornerin protein by blocking synoviolin 1-mediated ubiquitination","volume":"310","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010603","article-title":"Utilization of exosome-based therapies to augment anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 therapies","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.70245","article-title":"Exosome-based strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms, immunotherapy, and clinical challenges","volume":"41","author":"Farah","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)31046-2","article-title":"Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): An open-label, non-comparative, phase 1\/2 dose escalation and expansion trial","volume":"389","author":"El-Khoueiry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-21-3807","article-title":"Pembrolizumab monotherapy for previously untreated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Data from the open-label, phase II KEYNOTE-224 trial","volume":"28","author":"Verset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)01770-7","article-title":"Combination strategies in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: The CARES-310 trial","volume":"404","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(20)30156-x","article-title":"Atezolizumab with or without bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (GO30140): An open-label, multicenter, phase 1b study","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.4564","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: The CheckMate 040 randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Yau","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010311","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010311","article-title":"Tumor mutational burden and survival on immune checkpoint inhibition in >8000 patients across 24 cancer types","volume":"13","author":"Gandara","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14182054","article-title":"Biomarkers for immunotherapy efficacy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Taherifard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn (Basel)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051936","article-title":"Advances in immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Bloom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5046","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15205046","article-title":"Unveiling the role of tumor-infiltrating T cells and immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.026","article-title":"Association of inflammatory biomarkers with clinical outcomes in nivolumab-treated patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Sangro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000987","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000987","article-title":"Immunohistochemical scoring of CD38 in the tumor microenvironment predicts responsiveness to anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.01.011","article-title":"Identification of a tumor immune barrier in the HCC microenvironment that determines the efficacy of immunotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02062-3","article-title":"Single-cell tumor heterogeneity landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma: Unraveling the pro-metastatic subtype and its interaction loop with fibroblasts","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaf354","article-title":"Applications and techniques of single-cell rna sequencing across diverse species","volume":"26","author":"Woo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Briefings Bioinf"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.12.016","article-title":"Single-cell rna sequencing-derived signatures define response patterns to atezolizumab + bevacizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"82","author":"Cappuyns","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332837","article-title":"Spatial single-cell profiling and neighborhood analysis reveal the determinants of immune architecture connected to checkpoint inhibitor therapy outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Sali\u00e9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-24-0943","article-title":"Integration of clinical trial spatial multiomics analysis and virtual clinical trials enables immunotherapy response prediction and biomarker discovery","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000002322","article-title":"A deep learning-based clinical-radiomics model predicting the treatment response of immune checkpoint inhibitors (icis)-based conversion therapy in potentially convertible hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a tumor marker prognostic study","volume":"111","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/ais.2023.28","article-title":"Current state of radiomics in hepatobiliary and pancreatic Malignancies","volume":"3","author":"Grewal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif Intell Surg"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70208-w","article-title":"Ct radiomics-based biomarkers can predict response to immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.04.017","article-title":"Machine learning based radiomic models outperform clinical biomarkers in predicting outcomes after immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Vithayathil","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(23)00468-0","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based pathology as a biomarker of sensitivity to atezolizumab-bevacizumab in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"24","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00786-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota shapes cancer immunotherapy responses","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2486519","article-title":"Gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: immune microenvironment remodeling and gut microbiota modification","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004779","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004779","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolites associate with outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00672-2","article-title":"Presence of onco-fetal neighborhoods in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with relapse and response to immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000000553","article-title":"Multiomics identifies metabolic subtypes based on fatty acid degradation allocating personalized treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-03944-2","article-title":"Integration of multi-omics approaches in exploring intra-tumoral heterogeneity","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202518960","article-title":"Combination immunotherapy as a promising strategy to overcome immunotherapy resistance: from emergence to next-generation approaches","author":"Pandey","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01231-0","article-title":"Targeting gsdme-mediated macrophage polarization for enhanced antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-008721","article-title":"Postn+ cancer-associated fibroblasts determine the efficacy of immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011648","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011648","article-title":"Fmo2(+) cancer-associated fibroblasts sensitize anti-pd-1 therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-23-3106","article-title":"Repolarization of immunosuppressive macrophages by targeting Slamf7-regulated Ccl2 signaling sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to immunotherapy","volume":"84","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12607","article-title":"Targeting Srsf10 might inhibit M2 macrophage polarization and potentiate anti-Pd-1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03396-6","article-title":"A novel pH-sensitive nanoparticles encapsulating anti-Pd-1 antibody and Mdk-sirna overcome immune checkpoint blockade resistance in Hcc via reshaping immunosuppressive Tme","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.07.014","article-title":"A natural Ccr2 antagonist relieves tumor-associated macrophage-mediated immunosuppression to produce a therapeutic effect for liver cancer","volume":"22","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.Cir-24-1088","article-title":"Targeting myeloid Trem2 reprograms the immunosuppressive niche and potentiates checkpoint immunotherapy in Nash-driven hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv0558","article-title":"Sphingolipid synthesis in tumor-associated macrophages confers immunotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008094","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-008094","article-title":"Inhibiting Pla2g7 reverses the immunosuppressive function of intratumoral macrophages and augments immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006493","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006493","article-title":"T cell-mediated targeted delivery of tadalafil regulates immunosuppression and polyamine metabolism to overcome immune checkpoint blockade resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45215-0","article-title":"Targeting Alk averts ribonuclease 1-induced immunosuppression and enhances antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202408788","article-title":"Galectin-1-induced tumor associated macrophages repress antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma through recruitment of Tregs","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01207-x","article-title":"Amplification of spatially isolated adenosine pathway by tumor-macrophage interaction induces anti-Pd1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.105276","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor immune microenvironment: targets and therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02407-6","article-title":"Metabolic checkpoints in immune cell reprogramming: rewiring immunometabolism for cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02327-3","article-title":"Revitalizing t cells: breakthroughs and challenges in overcoming t cell exhaustion","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102038","article-title":"Acvr2a attenuation impacts lactate production and hyperglycolytic conditions attracting regulatory t cells in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00801-2","article-title":"An rna-rna crosstalk network involving hmgb1 and rictor facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis by promoting glutamine metabolism and impedes immunotherapy by pd-l1+ exosomes activity","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61974-w","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation with nanosatellite triggers tumoricidal immunity for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment","volume":"16","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64860-7","article-title":"Wild-type kras activation drives evasion of interferon-mediated immunity and resistance to immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02280-1","article-title":"Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02480-x","article-title":"Reversal of tumor immune evasion via enhanced mhc-class-i antigen presentation by a dual-functional rna regulated system","volume":"24","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216568","article-title":"Blocking marco(+) tumor-associated macrophages improves anti-pd-l1 therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting the activation of sting-ifn type i pathway","volume":"582","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202511887","article-title":"Elemene augments the effects of anti-pd-1 immunotherapy on hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the mir-130a-5p\/spp\/mhc-i axis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02319-5","article-title":"Birc2 blockade facilitates immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.069","article-title":"Anti-Ctla-4 antibody self-presented dendritic cell nanovesicles boost the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma after microwave ablation","volume":"376","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010947","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010947","article-title":"Targeted delivery of Ccl3 reprograms macrophage antigen presentation and enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65945-z","article-title":"Targeting tumor-intrinsic Bcl9 reverses immunotherapy resistance by eliciting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and antigen presentation","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-023-00563-x","article-title":"Multi-dimensional single-cell characterization revealed suppressive immune microenvironment in afp-positive hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17020236","article-title":"Next-generation immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms of resistance and novel treatment approaches","volume":"17","author":"Eghbali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2025.120","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: resistance mechanisms, liver transplantation challenges and management strategies","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jhc.S291553","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Manfredi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.120657","article-title":"The pi3k\/akt\/mtor pathway: immuno-metabolic orchestration in ir\/mash-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0934","article-title":"Targeting tm4sf1 promotes tumor senescence enhancing cd8+ t cell cytotoxic function in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.08.016","article-title":"A novel anti-pd-l1\/il-15 immunocytokine overcomes resistance to pd-l1 blockade and elicits potent antitumor immunity","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004398","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004389","article-title":"Personalized neoantigen vaccine combined with pd-1 blockade increases cd8(+) tissue-resident memory t-cell infiltration in preclinical hepatocellular carcinoma models","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70914","article-title":"Gut microbiota and hepatocellular carcinoma: metabolic products and immunotherapy modulation","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102370","article-title":"Phocaeicola vulgatus induces immunotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma via reducing indoleacetic acid production","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568962","article-title":"Gut microbiome, a novel precision medicine biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321189","article-title":"Study protocol: fecal microbiota transplant combined with atezolizumab\/bevacizumab in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who failed to achieve or maintain objective response to atezolizumab\/bevacizumab - the fab-hcc pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Pomej","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-097802","article-title":"Protocol: fecal microbiota transfer in liver cancer to overcome resistance to atezolizumab\/bevacizumab - a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase ii trial (the flora trial)","volume":"15","author":"Rauber","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10396-7","article-title":"Combining stereotactic body radiotherapy with camrelizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm trial","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332281","article-title":"Pharmacological activation of stat1-gsdme pyroptotic circuitry reinforces epigenetic immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Tu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2026.13803","article-title":"Converting 'cold' to 'hot' hepatocellular carcinoma for improved immunotherapy (review)","volume":"33","author":"Hsieh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2024.03.001","article-title":"Advancing immunosuppression in liver transplantation: A narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Iesari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Dis Int"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1804366\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:43:51Z","timestamp":1776059031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1804366\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":159,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1804366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1804366","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"article-number":"1804366"}}