{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:52:03Z","timestamp":1776664323287,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Calcium electrochemotherapy (CaECT) is an effective alternative to standard chemotherapeutic treatments, utilizing intracellular delivery of supraphysiological calcium concentrations to induce cell death. High-frequency sub-microsecond bursts can be successfully used for CaECT, however, bipolar waveforms have not yet been characterized in this context, potentially offering better impedance mitigation and more uniform treatment when compared to unipolar procedures. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of unipolar and symmetric bipolar sub-microsecond pulses (7 kV\/cm \u00d7 300 ns \u00d7 250, 1 MHz) for CaECT including their capacity to modulate antitumor immunity in a moderately immunogenic murine breast cancer model. Standard microsecond protocol (1.5 kV\/cm \u00d7 100 \u03bcs \u00d7 8 pulses at 1\u00a0Hz) was used as a reference.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    data revealed that a bipolar cancellation phenomenon when symmetric bipolar pulses were applied, whereas this effect was not detected\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . CaECT treatment induced systemic immune alterations across electroporation groups, including increased CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    memory T-cell populations in the spleen and reduced CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Unipolar nanosecond pulses showed a clearer increase in central memory T-cell populations, while bipolar pulses were associated with pronounced modulation of lymph-node immune composition. It is shown that bipolar cancellation phenomenon is not necessarily triggered\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which was predicted by\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1805130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T05:23:17Z","timestamp":1776662597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of unipolar and bipolar nanosecond pulses for calcium electrochemotherapy and immune response"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eivina","family":"Radzevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117-Val\u010diuk\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augustinas","family":"\u017delvys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Maly\u0161ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine","place":["Vilnius, Lithuania"]},{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical 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