{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:10:38Z","timestamp":1789661438565,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Shigellosis is an intestinal infection causing severe and often life-threatening diarrheal disease, with high prevalence in children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries. Given the rise of antimicrobial resistance to\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the World Health Organization has included this pathogen among those for which the development of new interventions is a global health priority. No vaccines against\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    are licensed yet, but several candidates based on the O-antigen portion of lipopolysaccharides are in clinical development, and combining a\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccine with another vaccine has recently been recommended to broaden protection while minimizing the need for additional injections in an already crowded childhood immunization schedule. Here, in animal models, we present a novel combination vaccine strategy: a tetravalent GMMA\u2212based\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccine co-formulated with a bivalent\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    glycoconjugate vaccine targeting\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi and\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Paratyphi A, the causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. We demonstrate the technical feasibility of combining all six antigens without major impact on the humoral immune response to any component. Moreover, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    GMMA can serve as a carrier for the\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Paratyphi A O\u2212antigen, enabling a formulation with fewer distinct components. The resulting vaccine candidate, combining\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigens, has the potential to enhance vaccine acceptance and uptake, facilitate programmatic roll-out, reduce delivery costs, and contribute to reducing disease burden and antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1807547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:49:35Z","timestamp":1776836975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preclinical evaluation of multivalent vaccine combinations against Shigella and Salmonella infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Di Benedetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Nappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Gemmellaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Boretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Caradonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Carducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Cescutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Berlanda Scorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Rondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Giannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Alfini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Micoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH)","place":["Siena, 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