{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T05:08:50Z","timestamp":1778476130057,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma cells (PCs) are the final stage of B cell development and sustain long-term humoral immunity by continuously secreting antibodies. Once considered a homogeneous population defined by a short-lived versus long-lived dichotomy, PCs are now recognised as highly heterogeneous. Recent advances have overturned several dogmas, revealing that long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) can arise from diverse B cell precursors, and persist in tissues beyond the bone marrow. PC heterogeneity is shaped by intrinsic factors, including B cell origin, antigen affinity, BCR signalling strength and immunoglobulin isotype, as well as extrinsic factors such as tissue-specific microenvironments, cytokines and cellular interactions at induction and maintenance sites. Furthermore, temporal variables, termed \u201cMoment\u201d, including age, sex, and inflammatory status, modulate PC fate throughout their maturation. This process also plays a central role in the emergence of heterogeneity within these LLPCs. Together, these parameters define a dynamic, context-dependent PC landscape with significant implications for immune regulation and vaccine design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:24:23Z","timestamp":1778473463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Not all plasma cells are made equal: well-hidden layers of heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Audrey Anoh","family":"Akess\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR7276\/INSERM U1262, University of Limoges, CRIBL lab","place":["Limoges, France"]},{"name":"Institut de Recherche Omega Health","place":["Limoges, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Bonaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR7276\/INSERM U1262, University of Limoges, CRIBL lab","place":["Limoges, France"]},{"name":"Institut de Recherche Omega Health","place":["Limoges, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3795","article-title":"The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells","volume":"15","author":"Nutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01124.x","article-title":"Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells","volume":"247","author":"Shlomchik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3348","article-title":"Blimp-1 controls plasma cell function through the regulation of immunoglobulin secretion and the unfolded protein response","volume":"17","author":"Tellier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.08.007","article-title":"Metabolic links between plasma cell survival, secretion, and stress","volume":"39","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)80541-5","article-title":"Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells","volume":"8","author":"Slifka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2023.01.005","article-title":"The cellular biology of plasma cells: Unmet challenges and opportunities","volume":"254","author":"Bonaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221717","article-title":"Progressive differentiation toward the long-lived plasma cell compartment in the bone marrow","volume":"220","author":"Koike","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01005021","article-title":"Biosynthesis, transport and secretion of immunoglobulin in plasma cells","volume":"3","author":"Melchers","year":"1971","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6686","article-title":"Identification of soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor exocytotic machinery in human plasma cells: SNAP-23 is essential for antibody secretion","volume":"175","author":"Reales","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.146.5.1332","article-title":"Plasma cell immunoglobulin secretion. Arrest is accompanied by alterations the golgi complex","volume":"146","author":"Tartakoff","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213056120","article-title":"Sec22b is a critical and nonredundant regulator of plasma cell maintenance","volume":"120","author":"Bonaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-00991-0","article-title":"New insights into the ontogeny, diversity, maturation and survival of long-lived plasma cells","volume":"24","author":"Fooksman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102297","article-title":"Making sense of plasma cell heterogeneity","volume":"81","author":"Tarlinton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112682","article-title":"Understanding heterogeneity of human bone marrow plasma cell maturation and survival pathways by single-cell analyses","volume":"42","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01345-5","article-title":"Heterogeneous plasma cells and long-lived subsets in response to immunization, autoantigen and microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149216","article-title":"Single-cell resolution of plasma cell fate programming in health and disease","volume":"52","author":"Delaloy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13600","article-title":"Mature IgM-expressing plasma cells sense antigen and develop competence for cytokine production upon antigenic challenge","volume":"7","author":"Blanc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900285","article-title":"IgM, igG, and igA influenza-specific plasma cells express divergent transcriptomes","volume":"203","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121260119","article-title":"Isotype-specific plasma cells express divergent transcriptional programs","volume":"119","author":"Higgins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140457","article-title":"CXCR4 and a cell-extrinsic mechanism control immature B lymphocyte egress from bone marrow","volume":"211","author":"Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108733","article-title":"Plasma cell dynamics in the bone marrow niche","volume":"34","author":"Benet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.1684","article-title":"Plasma cell survival is mediated by synergistic effects of cytokines and adhesion-dependent signals","volume":"171","author":"Cassese","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.1.361","article-title":"Maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and serological memory despite mature and memory B cell depletion during CD20 immunotherapy in mice","volume":"180","author":"DiLillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05853-7","article-title":"Factors of the bone marrow microniche that support human plasma cell survival and immunoglobulin secretion","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250334","article-title":"Transinteractome analysis reveals distinct niche requirements for isotype-based plasma cell subsets in the bone marrow","volume":"53","author":"Bonaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10698","article-title":"Acquisition of a multifunctional IgA+ plasma cell phenotype in the gut","volume":"481","author":"Fritz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100156108","article-title":"Critical roles of chemokine receptor CCR10 in regulating memory IgA responses in intestines","volume":"108","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1114348","article-title":"The intestine: A highly dynamic microenvironment for IgA plasma cells","volume":"14","author":"Pracht","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-0971-z","article-title":"IgM memory B cells: a mouse\/human paradox","volume":"69","author":"Reynaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171022","article-title":"Stochasticity enables BCR-independent germinal center initiation and antibody affinity maturation","volume":"215","author":"Silver","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102808","article-title":"Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells are induced early in response to T cell-independent or T cell-dependent antigens","volume":"188","author":"Bortnick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-01-200014","article-title":"The thymus-independent immunity conferred by a pneumococcal polysaccharide is mediated by long-lived plasma cells","volume":"114","author":"Taillardet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abm8389","article-title":"Long-lived plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow at a constant rate from early in an immune response","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.11.006","article-title":"Germinal center and extrafollicular B cell responses in vaccination, immunity, and autoimmunity","volume":"53","author":"Elsner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.10.022","article-title":"Germinal centers output clonally diverse plasma cell populations expressing high- and low-affinity antibodies","volume":"186","author":"Sprumont","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20231838","article-title":"Role of affinity in plasma cell development in the germinal center light zone","volume":"221","author":"ElTanbouly","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.10.5373","article-title":"Antigen drives very low affinity B cells to become plasmacytes and enter germinal centers","volume":"161","author":"Dal Porto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.027","article-title":"T follicular helper cell-germinal center B cell interaction strength regulates entry into plasma cell or recycling germinal center cell fate","volume":"48","author":"Ise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.013","article-title":"Protein amounts of the MYC transcription factor determine germinal center B cell division capacity","volume":"51","author":"Finkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202402814","article-title":"Enforced MYC expression directs a distinct transcriptional state during plasma cell differentiation","volume":"8","author":"Vardaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115977","article-title":"BLIMP1 controls GC B cell expansion and exit through regulating cell cycle progression and key transcription factors BCL6 and IRF4","volume":"44","author":"Conter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191933","article-title":"Restriction of memory B cell differentiation at the germinal center B cell positive selection stage","volume":"217","author":"Toboso-Navasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.12.004","article-title":"A temporal switch in the germinal center determines differential output of memory B and plasma cells","volume":"44","author":"Weisel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120150","article-title":"Germinal center B cells govern their own fate via antibody feedback","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr6896","article-title":"Affinity maturation of antibody responses is mediated by differential plasma cell proliferation","volume":"387","author":"MacLean","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2019.11.001","article-title":"Selection in the germinal center","volume":"63","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13016","article-title":"Memory B cells and plasma cells: The differentiative continuum of humoral immunity","volume":"303","author":"Cancro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.032","article-title":"Continuous germinal center invasion contributes to the diversity of the immune response","volume":"186","author":"H\u00e4ggl\u00f6f","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.031","article-title":"Clonal replacement sustains long-lived germinal centers primed by respiratory viruses","volume":"186","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89712","article-title":"Fine-tuning spatial-temporal dynamics and surface receptor expression support plasma cell-intrinsic longevity","volume":"12","author":"Jing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59850","article-title":"Genetic timestamping of plasma cells in vivo reveals tissue-specific homeostatic population turnover","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242912","article-title":"B-cell receptor signal strength influences terminal differentiation","volume":"43","author":"Lechouane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061923","article-title":"Enhancement and suppression of signaling by the conserved tail of IgG memory-type B cell antigen receptors","volume":"204","author":"Horikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf062","article-title":"Site-specific labeling uncovers differences in levels and distribution of B-cell receptors of different isotypes on primary B cells","volume":"214","author":"Bousbaine","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213495","article-title":"Asymmetric B cell division in the germinal center reaction","volume":"335","author":"Barnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.716240","article-title":"Coupled antigen and BLIMP1 asymmetric division with a large segregation between daughter cells recapitulates the temporal transition from memory B cells to plasma cells and a DZ-to-LZ ratio in the germinal center","volume":"12","author":"Merino Tejero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.26.586773","article-title":"Plasma cell heterogeneity is driven by type of immune challenge","author":"Khamyath","year":"2024"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161590","article-title":"Antibody-secreting plasma cells persist for decades in human intestine","volume":"214","author":"Landsverk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.037","article-title":"Recirculating intestinal IgA-producing cells regulate neuroinflammation via IL-10","volume":"177","author":"Rojas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.791095","article-title":"IgA plasma cells are long-lived residents of gut and bone marrow that express isotype- and tissue-specific gene expression patterns","volume":"12","author":"Wilmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1505883","article-title":"Can invariant Natural Killer T cells drive B cell fate? a look at the humoral response","volume":"16","author":"Palacios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.12.005","article-title":"Reading the room: iNKT cells influence B cell responses","volume":"130","author":"Leadbetter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115602","article-title":"The balance between conventional and unconventional T follicular helper cells influences autoreactive B cell responses","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.002","article-title":"Viral infection engenders bona fide and bystander subsets of lung-resident memory B cells through a permissive mechanism","volume":"55","author":"Gregoire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066092","article-title":"Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens","volume":"357","author":"Amanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz8432","article-title":"Influenza vaccine-induced human bone marrow plasma cells decline within a year after vaccination","volume":"370","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.108227","article-title":"Temporal single-cell landscape suggests infection-induced IgM plasma cells as a correlate of durable influenza immunity","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02327","article-title":"High-resolution temporal response patterns to influenza vaccine reveal a distinct human plasma cell gene signature","volume":"3","author":"Henn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2422171122","article-title":"Intranasal hemagglutinin protein boosters induce protective mucosal immunity against influenza A viruses in mice","volume":"122","author":"Moriyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01831-y","article-title":"Temporal dynamics and genomic programming of plasma cell fates","volume":"25","author":"Manakkat Vijay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20241019","article-title":"KLF2 expression in IgG plasma cells at their induction site regulates the migration program","volume":"222","author":"Ise","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2416855122","article-title":"Lung B cells in ectopic germinal centers undergo affinity maturation","volume":"122","author":"Guillaume","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090978","article-title":"Recent advancements in non-invasive vaccination strategies","volume":"13","author":"Gulani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13013","article-title":"Plasma cell survival: The intrinsic drivers, migratory signals, and extrinsic regulators","volume":"303","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2024.102442","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms regulating plasma cell survival and longevity","volume":"88","author":"Khamyath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.05.001","article-title":"Cellular niches controlling B lymphocyte behavior within bone marrow during development","volume":"20","author":"Tokoyoda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.61","article-title":"IL-6 supports the generation of human long-lived plasma cells in combination with either APRIL or stromal cell-soluble factors","volume":"28","author":"Jourdan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1981","article-title":"Eosinophils are required for the maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747229","article-title":"No strict requirement for eosinophils for bone marrow plasma cell survival","volume":"48","author":"Bortnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747227","article-title":"Eosinophils are not essential for maintenance of murine plasma cells in the bone marrow","volume":"48","author":"Haberland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404309121","article-title":"Unique and redundant roles of mouse BCMA, TACI, BAFF, APRIL, and IL-6 in supporting antibody-producing cells in different tissues","volume":"121","author":"Eslami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116123","article-title":"CD138 and APRIL regulate plasma cell survival, competition, and retention in the bone marrow niche","volume":"44","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.10.006","article-title":"Long-lived IgE plasma cells persist in secondary lymphoid tissues using a navitoclax-sensitive survival program","volume":"58","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809736106","article-title":"CD93 is required for maintenance of antibody secretion and persistence of plasma cells in the bone marrow niche","volume":"106","author":"Chevrier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.04.015","article-title":"Intrinsically determined turnover underlies broad heterogeneity in plasma-cell lifespan","volume":"56","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-761643","article-title":"CD138 mediates selection of mature plasma cells by regulating their survival","volume":"129","author":"McCarron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.1.1.27","article-title":"B lymphocytes express and lose syndecan at specific stages of differentiation","volume":"1","author":"Sanderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell Regul"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0308-z","article-title":"The expanding functional diversity of plasma cells in immunity and inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01859-0","article-title":"Circadian control of tumor immunosuppression affects efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"25","author":"Fortin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00903-7","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in adaptive immunity and vaccination","volume":"44","author":"Cermakian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.10.019","article-title":"Aging and immunity","volume":"58","author":"Thaiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2496-1","article-title":"A single-cell transcriptomic atlas characterizes ageing tissues in the mouse","volume":"583","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.016","article-title":"Long-lived plasma cells are contained within the CD19(-)CD38(hi)CD138(+) subset in human bone marrow","volume":"43","author":"Halliley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1644102","article-title":"Maturation of human early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells is coupled with increased IgG secretion rates","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809241\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:24:25Z","timestamp":1778473465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809241\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"article-number":"1809241"}}