{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T05:09:39Z","timestamp":1778476179919,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to describe the clinical, radiographic and laboratory characteristics of a cohort of patients diagnosed with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) antibodies at two collaborating centers in Madrid (Spain). Besides the study of anti-MOG antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid sample (CSF), this study highlights the results of the cytochemical study of CSF, kappa free light chain (\u03ba-FLC) index and oligoclonal bands (OCBs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Records of patients diagnosed with anti-MOG antibodies at Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n and Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal between 2018 and 2024 were retrospectively reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort comprised fifteen patients. Of those patients, nine (60%) were female, ten (67%) were Caucasian, and four (27%) were children. The mean age at onset was 46 years (range, 1\u201366 years). Optic neuritis was the most common presentation, identified in eleven patients (73%). A clear positive MOG-IgG titer was identified in serum samples of ten patients; also, a positive result was found in a CSF sample of one patient. CSF analysis showed CSF-OCBs in three patients, low positive \u03ba-FLC index in three patients, elevated protein in two patients, and pleocytosis in another two patients. Relapses were reported in seven patients (46.6% of patients), all of whom were female patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides valuable insights into the characteristics observed in patients diagnosed with anti-MOG antibodies in Spain. Results are discussed in the context of the 2023 international diagnostic criteria for MOGAD and previously published cohort studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:27:38Z","timestamp":1778473658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: experience from two tertiary hospitals in Madrid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Pariente-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Chico-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Garc\u00eda de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Navarro Caspistegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Schiaffino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IISGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1488","article-title":"Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83760-2","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody among aquaporin-4 negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in Egyptian patients","volume":"15","author":"Taha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01014-1","article-title":"NMOSD and MOGAD: an evolving disease spectrum","volume":"20","author":"Uzawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104879","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for recurrence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13020043","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody associated disease: an updated review of the clinical spectrum, pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic management","volume":"13","author":"Gklinos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209321","article-title":"Validation of the 2023 international diagnostic criteria for MOGAD in a selected cohort of adults and children","volume":"103","author":"Varley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.866824","article-title":"Serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein associated disease","volume":"13","author":"Dinoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1137998","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease","volume":"14","author":"Corbali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577122","article-title":"Kappa free light chains index in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and other immune-mediated central nervous system disorders","volume":"339","author":"Cavalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1183488","article-title":"The case report of MOG and NMDAR IgG double positive encephalitis treated with subcutaneous ofatumumab","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14032","article-title":"Isolated seizures during the first episode of relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelination in children","volume":"61","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102011","article-title":"Seizures and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies: Two paradigmatic cases and a review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Foiadelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207478","article-title":"Timing and predictors of T2-lesion resolution in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"101","author":"Cacciaguerra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520907900","article-title":"Frequency and characteristics of MRI-negative myelitis associated with MOG autoantibodies","volume":"27","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103693","article-title":"MOGAD: A comprehensive review of clinicoradiological features, therapy and outcomes in 4699 patients globally","volume":"24","author":"Trewin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577742","article-title":"Clinicoradiological comparative study of Aquaporin-4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and MOG antibody associated disease (MOGAD): A prospective observational study and review of literature","volume":"361","author":"Nagireddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330901","article-title":"Clinical feature and disease outcome in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder: a Chinese study","volume":"94","author":"ZhangBao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25909","article-title":"Clinical features and risk of relapse in children and adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"89","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201662","article-title":"Significance of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in CSF: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"100","author":"Carta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52163","article-title":"The clinical relevance of MOG antibody testing in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"11","author":"Reynolds","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26931","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of MOG antibody testing in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"96","author":"Redenbaugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0717-1","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: Frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin","volume":"13","author":"Jarius","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333554","article-title":"Clinical, prognostic and pathophysiological implications of MOG-IgG detection in the CSF: the importance of intrathecal MOG-IgG synthesis","volume":"95","author":"Greco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001095","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G in the CSF: clinical implication of testing and association with disability","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24742","article-title":"Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal band in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disease","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1237149","article-title":"Basic CSF parameters and MRZ reaction help in differentiating MOG antibody-associated autoimmune disease versus multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Vlad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1211776","article-title":"Comparing clinical and imaging features of patients with MOG antibody-positivity and with and without oligoclonal bands","volume":"14","author":"Tomizawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241311435","article-title":"Evaluation of the predictive value of CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands on residual disability and risk of relapse in adult patients with MOGAD: MOGADOC study","volume":"31","author":"Ramdani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01824-2","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 1: Results from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients","volume":"17","author":"Jarius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15897","article-title":"Relevance of kappa free light chains index in patients with aquaporin-4 or myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein antibodies","volume":"30","author":"Deschamps","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-335953","article-title":"KFLC-index distinguishes multiple sclerosis from anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin 4 diseases in a Chinese cohort","volume":"96","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102638","article-title":"Variability of cerebrospinal fluid findings by attack phenotype in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disorder","volume":"47","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.122909","article-title":"Predictors of relapsing disease course following index event in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)","volume":"458","author":"Molazadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.885218","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): a review of clinical and MRI features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"13","author":"Sechi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1527057","article-title":"The nomogram model predicts relapse risk in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a single-center study","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.612304","article-title":"Age-related clinical presentation of MOG-IgG seropositivity in Israel","volume":"11","author":"Brill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333464","article-title":"Predictors of a relapsing course in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"96","author":"Virupakshaiah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200309","article-title":"A simple score (MOG-AR) to identify individuals at high risk of relapse after MOGAD attack","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334613","article-title":"Fewer relapses and worse outcomes of patients with late-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"96","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213557","article-title":"Clinical features and factors associated with outcome in late adult-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"104","author":"Dinoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105405","article-title":"Clinical and imaging features of patients with late-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809873\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:27:39Z","timestamp":1778473659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809873\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809873","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"article-number":"1809873"}}