{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:54:16Z","timestamp":1781589256625,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) inhibitor, demonstrates limited antitumor efficacy when used alone. Therefore, the clinical efficacy of combining LAG-3 with other immune checkpoint inhibitors warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)\/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and LAG-3 inhibitors in the treatment of patients with solid tumor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically and independently conducted a literature search using PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science, up to December 2025. We selected original studies investigating the efficacy of PD-1\/PD-L1 combined with LAG-3 inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors. Two authors independently extracted trial characteristics and intervention details using a predefined form. Objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), median overall survival (OS) or progression\u2212free survival (PFS) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the primary outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of six randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis. The results indicated that PD-1\/PD-L1 combined with LAG-3 inhibitors significantly improved the DCR (0.66,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001) and ORR (0.25,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001) in patients with solid tumors. The median PFS of combination therapy was 3.51 months (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001). Subgroup analyses revealed that the Chinese population (ORR 0.4,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001) and individuals aged &amp;lt; 60 years (0.08,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001) derived greater benefit from PD-1\/PD-L1 combined with LAG-3 inhibitor therapy. Additionally, PD-1\/PD-L1 combined with LAG-3 inhibitors significantly improved the ORR in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (0.24,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD-1\/PD-L1 combined with LAG-3 inhibitors demonstrates higher response rates, but the survival outcomes remain unclear. Further, patients with NPC, Chinese population, and individuals aged &amp;lt; 60 years may potentially benefit from the combination therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1809975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:39:23Z","timestamp":1781588363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of PD-1\/PD-L1 and LAG-3 immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of patients with solid tumor"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dahai","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Speed Capability, The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, 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Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongzhao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Medicine Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Speed Capability, The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangzhuo","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Heyuan Shenhe People\u2019s Hospital)","place":["Heyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113365","article-title":"A comprehensive review of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment","volume":"143","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int 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