{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:54:35Z","timestamp":1776315275112,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term survival after lung transplantation lags behind that of other solid organ transplants, underscoring the need to better understand its complex immune responses to prevent complications and improve clinical outcomes. While most post-transplant immune studies on T lymphocytes have focused on \u03b1\u03b2 T cells, the role of mucosal-tissue-enriched \u03b3\u03b4 T cells remains largely unexplored in lung transplantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a longitudinal analysis of the presence, chimerism, and phenotype of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in 13 lung transplant recipients, tracking their dynamics in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for up to 3 years after transplantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients undergoing bilateral transplantation exhibited a significantly higher percentage of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells among total T cells in BAL compared to single-lung recipients. In circulation, higher peak levels of donor-derived \u03b3\u03b4 T cells were associated with a trend toward higher circulating donor \u03b3\u03b4 T cell counts and lower incidence of acute cellular rejection, suggesting a protective systemic role. While within BAL, a more rapid turnover of recipient \u03b3\u03b4 T cells was associated with significantly delayed onset of infection and improved pulmonary function. Over time, recipient \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in BAL showed a phenotypic shift from effector (CD28\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) toward tissue-resident memory (TRM; CD69\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/CD103\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/CD49a\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) phenotypes. As expected, TRM phenotypes were more prevalent in BAL than in blood for both donor and recipient \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Interestingly, rapidly infiltrating recipient \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in BAL were less TRM-like. Furthermore, infection was associated with an enrichment of recipient-derived effector memory \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in circulation, suggesting their involvement in blood-graft crosstalk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, our longitudinal study demonstrates the distinct local and systemic dynamics of donor and recipient \u03b3\u03b4 T cells after human lung transplantation and identifies several phenotypes and kinetics linked to clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1811464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:21:04Z","timestamp":1776313264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal profiling of \u03b3\u03b4 T cell dynamics after human lung transplantation links donor and recipient subsets to clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joshua H.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Columbia College, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyla","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine D.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center","place":["New 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