{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:26:07Z","timestamp":1787959567724,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of natural dietary fibers in supporting immune function and systemic physiological responses is increasingly recognized. This study evaluated the effect of long-term oral administration of gum arabic (GA) on the immune function of rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-six adult male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: controls, GA treated (5% or 10% in drinking water for 6 weeks), and GA combined with LPS or dexamethasone, alongside corresponding LPS and dexamethasone controls.Phagocytic, histological, and immune markers were estimated and evaluated statistically by using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan\u2019s multiple range test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GA treatment significantly increased serum complement-3 levels, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and nitric oxide (p &amp;lt; 0.05). GA also increased phagocytic index, neopterin, and intestinal mucosal eosinophil count, while spleen weight and mucosal mast cell count remained unchanged. GA mitigated the inhibitory effects of intramuscular dexamethasone on immune parameters and improved intravascular carbon clearance, and effectively attenuated the LPS induced increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b1, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that GA modulates selected immune parameters, enhances innate immune responses, and maintains systemic immune responsiveness under both normal and challenged conditions in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1812170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:45:44Z","timestamp":1776055544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of Gum Arabic: regulation of cytokines and phagocytic function in rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Noof A.","family":"Alrabiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University","place":["Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00177","article-title":"The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety","volume":"4","author":"Ekor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56782\/pps.29","article-title":"Phoenix dactylifera seed oil enhanced cellular and humoral immune response in cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed Wistar rats","volume":"23","author":"Oluyele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prospects Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Determination of the physico-chemical properties of Nigerian Acaia Species for foundry sand binding applications","volume":"1","author":"Nuhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res J Sci Engin Tech"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Acacia (gum arabic)\n          \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Morphological study at the intra-varietal level of Acacia seyal var. seyal","volume":"11","author":"Elkhalifa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran J Bot"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15040290","article-title":"Gum Arabic: A commodity with versatile formulations and applications","volume":"15","author":"Mohamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0030724","article-title":"Protective effects of oral Gum Arabic administration on hyperlipidemia experimentally induced in Donkeys (Equus asinus)","volume":"9","author":"Seri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Agri Vet Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2015.08.002","article-title":"Gum Arabic extracts protect against hepatic oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Plant gums and local vegetable oils. 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