{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T22:03:07Z","timestamp":1787522587995,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A growing body of evidence indicates a strong relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and a range of renal conditions, including chronic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial disorders, nephrolithiasis, and secondary (AA) amyloidosis, which are rare yet severe systemic complications. In this review, we integrated clinical and epidemiological data to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the gut\u2013kidney axis. Existing evidence was critically appraised with the observation that, although associative data are plentiful, causal pathways in humans remain incompletely understood. We describe how dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, breakdown of the intestinal barrier, and altered microbial metabolites (e.g., trimethylamine N-oxide [TMAO] and short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) drive systemic inflammation and contribute to renal injury. Newer findings point to intestinal lymphatic dysfunction as a crucial intermediary. Injury to the proteinuric kidney triggers lymphangiogenesis within the gut and reshapes the composition of the lymph, thereby facilitating the systemic delivery of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IsoLG-modified apolipoprotein AI and Th17 cells, that worsen renal damage, thus establishing a self-reinforcing pathological loop. Nonetheless, evidence supporting the lymphatic pathway currently relies mainly on animal studies, with limited human validation. We also examined the contribution of conserved pathways such as IL-11-driven fibrosis, GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis, and free light chain toxicity. From a translational standpoint, these overlapping pathways represent promising therapeutic targets, although further testing is required to establish their clinical applicability. Such mechanistic insights underscore the importance of vigilant renal monitoring in individuals with IBD and careful management of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Strategies that target these shared mechanisms, whether through restoration of the microbiota, modulation of lymphatic function, or precision immunomodulation, herald a new frontier for therapies aimed at dual-organ protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1812348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:03:16Z","timestamp":1777442596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inflammatory bowel disease and renal disorders: from clinical associations to shared mechanisms and management strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenmeng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311785","article-title":"Preclinical disease and preventive strategies in IBD: perspectives, challenges and opportunities","volume":"65","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.042","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: current concepts, treatment, and implications for disease management","volume":"161","author":"Rogler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-386456-7.03806-5","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases and nephropathies: exploring the gut-kidney axis","volume":"14","author":"de Sire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults","volume":"68","author":"Lamb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.10.043","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with an increased risk for chronic kidney disease, which decreases with age","volume":"18","author":"Vajravelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103327","article-title":"Glomerulonephritis and inflammatory bowel disease: a tale of gut-kidney axis dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"Doumas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.13233","article-title":"Association between inflammatory bowel disease, nephrolithiasis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, and chronic kidney disease: a propensity score-matched analysis of US nationwide inpatient sample 2016-2018","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2549-x","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and systemic AA amyloidosis","volume":"58","author":"Sattianayagam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3527-x","article-title":"The gut-kidney axis","volume":"32","author":"Evenepoel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2013080905","article-title":"The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions","volume":"25","author":"Ramezani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2522324","article-title":"TMAO and the gut microbiome: implications for the CVD-CKD-IBD axis","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04974-6","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites SCFAs and chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.122.321671","article-title":"Intestinal lymphatic dysfunction in kidney disease","volume":"132","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.05.028","article-title":"Kidney injury-mediated disruption of intestinal lymphatics involves dicarbonyl-modified lipoproteins","volume":"100","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.06.022","article-title":"Intestinal lymphatic dysfunction: a new pathway mediating gut-kidney crosstalk in kidney disease","volume":"100","author":"Trevaskis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.02.013","article-title":"IBD immunopathogenesis: a comprehensive review of inflammatory molecules","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120028","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory role in renal disease","volume":"3","author":"Imig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.09.011","article-title":"The pathobiology of IL-11 in kidney disease: from epithelial cell to fibroblast and back again","volume":"193","author":"Widjaja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22393","article-title":"Chemotherapy drugs induce pyroptosis through caspase-3 cleavage of a gasdermin","volume":"547","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.04.121","article-title":"The role of free kappa and lambda light chains in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"91","author":"Esparvarinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01287-5","article-title":"DNASE1L3 deficiency, new phenotypes, and evidence for a transient type I IFN signaling","volume":"42","author":"Tusseau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J ClinImmunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv219","article-title":"Clinical features and HLA association of 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA)-induced nephrotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Heap","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.151","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in patients with IBD","volume":"7","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.08.008","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease with chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae049","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zadora","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i42.4798","article-title":"Increased end-stage renal disease risk in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf039","article-title":"Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa378","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A nephropathy in association with inflammatory bowel diseases: results from a national study and systematic literature review","volume":"37","author":"Joher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-023-01644-2","article-title":"Does inflammatory bowel disease promote kidney diseases: a mendelian randomization study with populations of European ancestry","volume":"16","author":"Lian","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac140","article-title":"Renal and urological disorders associated with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2018.06.007","article-title":"Renal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"44","author":"Ambruzs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae052","article-title":"IgA nephropathy: gut microbiome regulates the production of hypoglycosilated IgA1 via the TLR4 signaling pathway","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i18.2733","article-title":"Study of tumor necrosis factor receptor in the inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.056","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and the microbiome-searching the crime scene for clues","volume":"160","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010045","article-title":"Role of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Kumric","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0309203","article-title":"Hyperactivated B cells in human inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"86","author":"Noronha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13139","article-title":"B cell class switching in intestinal immunity in health and disease","volume":"95","author":"Fleming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.6","article-title":"Immunopathology of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.04660513","article-title":"The histopathologic spectrum of kidney biopsies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Ambruzs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000534062","article-title":"Kidney biopsy findings and clinical outcomes of US veterans with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"3","author":"Ravipati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-13-84","article-title":"A case of rapidly progressive IgA nephropathy in a patient with exacerbation of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i29.4022","article-title":"Fulminant ulcerative colitis associated with steroid-resistant minimal change disease and psoriasis: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Lok","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00966-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"402","author":"Le Berre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.6.761","article-title":"Renal tubular dysfunction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with aminosalicylate","volume":"40","author":"Schreiber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00687-y","article-title":"5-ASA induced interstitial nephritis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.04800908","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity","volume":"4","author":"Naesens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15687","article-title":"Tacrolimus induces short-term but not long-term clinical response in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"51","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Damage to the kidneys during treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gold salts","volume":"46","author":"Wanic-Kossowska","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pol Tyg Lek"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz004","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in patients undergoing renal biopsies","volume":"12","author":"Pohjonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00940.x","article-title":"Minimal renal dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease is related to disease activity but not to 5-ASA use","volume":"15","author":"Herrlinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw080","article-title":"Amyloidosis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Tosca Cuquerella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/clep.s39981","article-title":"Systemic AA amyloidosis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"6","author":"Real de As\u00faa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2017.0168","article-title":"Secondary systemic amyloidosis in inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide analysis","volume":"30","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Anti-TNF-alpha for treatment of amyloidosis associated with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Nebro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.3780030307","article-title":"The renal and urologic complications of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"3","author":"El-Serag","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197609000-00004","article-title":"The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients","volume":"55","author":"Greenstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185193","article-title":"Risk factors for gallstones and kidney stones in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"12","author":"Fagagnini","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-021-00951-z","article-title":"Urinary manifestations in African American and Caucasian inflammatory bowel disease patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Herbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000033938","article-title":"Urolithiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,339,065 individuals","volume":"102","author":"Abdulrhman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.09.049","article-title":"Risk of urolithiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide Danish cohort study 1977-2018","volume":"19","author":"Dimke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02649-x","article-title":"Urolithiasis in complicated inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive analysis of urine profile and stone composition","volume":"53","author":"Torricelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv005","article-title":"Enteric hyperoxaluria: an important cause of end-stage kidney disease","volume":"31","author":"Nazzal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw016","article-title":"Outcomes of medical and surgical therapy for entero-urinary fistulas in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Taxonera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16326","article-title":"Review article: investigation and management of internal fistulae in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Tjandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i48.9359","article-title":"Risk of cancer, with special reference to extra-intestinal Malignancies, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Algaba","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.760","article-title":"Risk of extra-intestinal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies","volume":"105","author":"Pedersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000509544","article-title":"Malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease","author":"Greuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.788980","article-title":"The incidence rate and risk factors of Malignancy in elderly-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a Chinese cohort study from 1998 to 2020","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.636791","article-title":"Risk of urinary bladder cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202411.1338.v1","article-title":"The gut-kidney axis in chronic kidney diseases","volume":"15","author":"Tsuji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1660226","article-title":"Gut microbiota therapy for chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17121961","article-title":"Kidney-gut axis in chronic kidney disease: therapeutic perspectives from microbiota modulation and nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Wakino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1756-4","article-title":"Microbiome-metabolome reveals the contribution of gut-kidney axis on kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000002295","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and kidney diseases","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04455-2","article-title":"The gut microbiome tango in the progression of chronic kidney disease and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.01.028","article-title":"Gut microbiota generation of protein-bound uremic toxins and related metabolites is not altered at different stages of chronic kidney disease","volume":"97","author":"Gryp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.123.321763","article-title":"Role of the microbiome in gut-heart-kidney cross talk","volume":"132","author":"Glorieux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4185","article-title":"Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease","volume":"22","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.12.001","article-title":"Association of trimethylamine N-oxide and metabolites with kidney function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"44","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.305360","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease","volume":"116","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935576","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide induced chronic kidney injury by triggering PANoptosis","volume":"74","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.08.021","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide binds and activates PERK to promote metabolic dysfunction","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2025.130900","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide participates in human diseases by causing endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"1870","author":"Kumari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156195","article-title":"Suyin detoxification granule alleviates trimethylamine N-oxide-induced tubular ferroptosis and renal fibrosis to prevent chronic kidney disease progression","volume":"135","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.01.040","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced intestinal microbiota depletion can attenuate the acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition via NADPH oxidase 2 and trimethylamine-N-oxide inhibition","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2025.06.011","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide promotes vascular aging via inhibiting GATA4 degradation in chronic kidney disease rats","volume":"86","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.010","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes hyperoxaluria-induced calcium oxalate deposition and kidney injury by activating autophagy","volume":"179","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00895-8","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide: a meta-organismal axis linking the gut and fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2025.100149","article-title":"Insights into the renal protective effects of 7-phenylheptanoic acid in chronic kidney disease mice: modulation of indoxyl sulfate production and gut microbiome homeostasis","volume":"53","author":"Tokuno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040805","article-title":"The effect of \u00df-glucan prebiotic on kidney function, uremic toxins and gut microbiome in stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) predialysis participants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040252","article-title":"The impact of CKD on uremic toxins and gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Rysz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.11.006","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate in chronic kidney disease. Could these toxins modulate the antioxidant Nrf2-Keap1 pathway","volume":"24","author":"Stockler-Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18020072","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate in the gut-kidney axis: pathophysiology and clinical significance in CKD-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"18","author":"Shimizu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18010004","article-title":"The uremic toxin p-cresyl sulfate is a new predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"18","author":"Raillon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45455","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate induces intestinal barrier injury through IRF1-DRP1 axis-mediated mitophagy impairment","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae220","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and the tubular handling of indoxyl sulfate","volume":"40","author":"Lauriola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.00300113","article-title":"Renal clearance and intestinal generation of p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in CKD","volume":"8","author":"Poesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10070300","article-title":"Impact of altered intestinal microbiota on chronic kidney disease progression","volume":"10","author":"Castillo-Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.03.017","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbes and NLRP3 inflammasome in the gut-brain axis","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01826-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in hyperuricaemia promotes renal injury through the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2025.13606","article-title":"Progress in targeting the NLRP3 signaling pathway for inflammatory bowel disease (review)","volume":"32","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01387-9","article-title":"T(H)17 cell heterogeneity and its role in tissue inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Schnell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.07.005","article-title":"The involvement of TH17 cells in the pathogenesis of IBD","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.10.114","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor preferentially marks and promotes gut regulatory T cells","volume":"21","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.70049","article-title":"FGF1(\u0394HBS) ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by reducing neutrophil recruitment through the MAPK pathway","volume":"182","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1078310","article-title":"Identification of shared gene signatures and molecular mechanisms between chronic kidney disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-022-03373-w","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease may promote inflammation in IgA nephropathy: a case-control study of patients undergoing kidney biopsy","volume":"481","author":"Akiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s132612","article-title":"Markers of oxidative\/nitrosative stress and inflammation in lung tissue of rats exposed to different intravenous iron compounds","volume":"11","author":"Toblli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135551","article-title":"Xylan acetate ester ameliorates ulcerative colitis through intestinal barrier repair and inflammation inhibition via regulation of macrophage M1 polarization","volume":"280","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.06.006","article-title":"Gut microbiota-host post-translational modification axis in immunometabolic diseases","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aao3829","article-title":"CARD9 mediates dendritic cell-induced development of Lyn deficiency-associated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.18","article-title":"Biologics for the treatment of autoimmune renal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Holdsworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00209","article-title":"Autoimmunity in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: an unsolved enigma","volume":"3","author":"Catucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-016-0168-3","article-title":"Lymphocyte Kv1.3-channels in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: novel therapeutic implications of targeting the channels by commonly used drugs","volume":"12","author":"Kazama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3118","article-title":"Discovery of new risk loci for IgA nephropathy implicates genes involved in immunity against intestinal pathogens","volume":"46","author":"Kiryluk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13282","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis: modernizing the multidisciplinary approach","volume":"290","author":"Hedin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad089","article-title":"Interaction effect of psoriasis and chronic kidney disease on the risk of all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort study of NHANES data","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221086","article-title":"Secreted mammalian DNases protect against systemic bacterial infection by digesting biofilms","volume":"220","author":"Lacey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218810","article-title":"Arg206Cys substitution in DNASE1L3 causes a defect in DNASE1L3 protein secretion that confers risk of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"80","author":"Coke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2024.101251","article-title":"Recent advances in intestinal fibrosis","volume":"96","author":"Lenti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01379-7","article-title":"Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.02.090","article-title":"Central role of dysregulation of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad in CKD progression and potential targets of its treatment","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mib.0000000000000542","article-title":"The TGF-\u03b2\/Smad system in IBD pathogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Sedda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.03.012","article-title":"Structural determinants of Smad function in TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"40","author":"Macias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000500186","article-title":"Calycosin inhibits intestinal fibrosis on CCD-18Co cells via modulating transforming growth factor-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18052","article-title":"Antioxidant therapy against TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD pathway involved in organ fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Ghafouri-Fard","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmr.2024.100031","article-title":"The Hippo pathway: organ size control and beyond","volume":"77","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0371-0","article-title":"The Hippo pathway in tissue homeostasis and regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.07.005","article-title":"Renal fibrosis is alleviated through targeted inhibition of IL-11-induced renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01327-6","article-title":"Macrophages release IL11-containing filopodial tip vesicles and contribute to renal interstitial inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpz194","article-title":"Correlations between interleukin-11 expression and hypertensive kidney injury in a rat model of renovascular hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Menendez-Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2021040577","article-title":"A neutralizing IL-11 antibody improves renal function and increases lifespan in a mouse model of Alport syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Widjaja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09907-x","article-title":"Bidirectional CRISPR screens decode a GLIS3-dependent fibrotic cell circuit","volume":"650","author":"Pokatayev","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848251391093","article-title":"Fibroblast-derived interleukin-11 as a potential biomarker for intestinal fibrostenosis in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.11.008","article-title":"Kidney function monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: the MONITORED consensus","volume":"54","author":"Guillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11112954","article-title":"Lack of monitoring is associated with risk of acute kidney events among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Achit","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1873-9954(07)70022-8","article-title":"5-Aminosalicylates and renal function in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Gisbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2024-001627","article-title":"Monitoring for 5-aminosalicylate nephrotoxicity in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: prognostic model development and validation using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"12","author":"Abhishek","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.10.016","article-title":"Performance of urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Susantitaphong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051570","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: biological aspects and potential diagnostic use in acute kidney injury","volume":"14","author":"Virz\u00ec","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022x.2022.2035763","article-title":"Kidney tissue elastography and interstitial fibrosis observed in kidney biopsy","volume":"44","author":"Islamoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.01.015","article-title":"Kidney function monitoring to prevent 5-aminosalicylic acid nephrotoxicity: what the gastroenterologist should know","volume":"53","author":"Guillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.808472","article-title":"A case report and literature review of mesalazine-induced kidney injury in a pediatric patient with ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70262","article-title":"Prescribing inflammatory bowel disease medications in chronic kidney disease: a practical guide","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000326682","article-title":"Drug-induced nephrotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"119","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.032","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"153","author":"Feuerstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.021","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for the management of IBD","volume":"161","author":"Khanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2147\/ceg.s43493","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1553618","article-title":"Management of iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease - a practical approach","volume":"26","author":"Stein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13004","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia revisited","volume":"287","author":"Cappellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081104","article-title":"Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia: A comprehensive overview of established and emerging concepts","volume":"18","author":"Kolar\u0161","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113478","article-title":"Iron therapy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-022-01216-w","article-title":"High-dose intravenous iron with either ferric carboxymaltose or ferric derisomaltose: A benefit-risk assessment","volume":"45","author":"Boots","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.83","article-title":"Treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rate","volume":"86","author":"Goraya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae075","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors for anaemia in chronic kidney disease: A clinical practice document by the European Renal Best Practice board of the European Renal Association","volume":"39","author":"Stoumpos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2011111078","article-title":"Mechanisms of anemia in CKD","volume":"23","author":"Babitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04115-1","article-title":"UK kidney association clinical practice guideline: Update of anaemia of chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Bhandari","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2017.1299253","article-title":"FMT regulatory challenges and the lived experiences of people with IBD","volume":"17","author":"Haw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081109","article-title":"Changes in the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients undergoing fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Arteaga-Muller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05532-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates oxidative stress and inflammation: A double-edged sword in renal fibrosis","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2526136","article-title":"The PTPN2 rs1893217 IBD risk allele increases susceptibility to AIEC invasion by a JAK-STAT-CEACAM6 axis","volume":"17","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103293","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: An overlooked therapy for IBD","volume":"66","author":"Deleu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.09.041","article-title":"Berberine and inflammatory bowel disease: A concise review","volume":"113","author":"Habtemariam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1549462","article-title":"Unveiling the therapeutic potential of berberine: Its therapeutic role and molecular mechanisms in kidney diseases","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43528","article-title":"Rhein modulates host purine metabolism in intestine through gut microbiota and ameliorates experimental colitis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.161878","article-title":"Dicarbonyl-modified lipoproteins contribute to proteinuric kidney injury","volume":"7","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091342","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease diets for kidney failure prevention: Insights from the IL-11 paradigm","volume":"16","author":"Elshoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1456244","article-title":"Role of gasdermin D in inflammatory diseases: From mechanism to therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042921-102135","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors: The sweet success for kidneys","volume":"74","author":"Dharia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-023-01796-y","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors prevent LPS-induced M1 macrophage polarization and alleviate inflammatory bowel disease by downregulating NHE1 expression","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-022-01206-4","article-title":"Inflammation, lymphatics, and cardiovascular disease: Amplification by chronic kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Kon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03385-x","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis in renal fibrosis arises from macrophages via VEGF-C\/VEGFR3-dependent autophagy and polarization","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107418","article-title":"Isolevuglandins as mediators of disease and the development of dicarbonyl scavengers as pharmaceutical interventions","volume":"205","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115304","article-title":"Interactions between nanoparticles and lymphatic systems: Mechanisms and applications in drug delivery","volume":"209","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1812348\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:03:19Z","timestamp":1777442599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1812348\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":175,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1812348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1812348","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"article-number":"1812348"}}