{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:59:42Z","timestamp":1780898382847,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is a peripheral nerve inflammatory disorder driven by immune-mediated mechanisms. Currently, there is a lack of research investigating the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and GBS, and this study sought to explore their possible relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>203 patients with GBS from Beijing Tiantan Hospital were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The relationship of the TyG index with severe and short-term poor prognosis in GBS patients was investigated using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, binary logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TyG index (OR: 2.77; 95% CI: [1.51-5.30]; P\u00a0=\u00a00.001) was identified as independent risk factors for severe GBS. Conversely, albumin (ALB) (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: [0.82-0.96]; P\u00a0=\u00a00.006) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: [0.90-0.96]; P&amp;lt;0.001) acted as protective factors. Additionally, the TyG index (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: [1.05-3.32]; P\u00a0=\u00a00.036) emerged as an independent risk factor for poor short-term prognosis, whereas the MRC sum score (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: [0.91-0.96]; P&amp;lt;0.001) was recognized as a protective factor. Furthermore, TyG index showed a linear correlation with severe GBS (overall P&amp;lt;0.01, nonlinear P\u00a0=\u00a00.112) and short-term poor prognosis in GBS patients (overall P\u00a0=\u00a00.068, nonlinear P\u00a0=\u00a00.277). Used alone, the TyG index yielded area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.644 and 0.589 for predicting severe GBS and short-term poor-prognosis GBS, respectively. When combined with conventional clinical markers, the model achieved an AUC of 0.808 (sensitivity 0.732, specificity 0.776) for severe GBS and 0.765 (sensitivity 0.763, specificity 0.701) for short-term poor prognosis. Bootstrap internal validation showed optimism bias\/corrected AUC of 0.008\/0.800 and 0.006\/0.759 for the two models. After incorporating the TyG index into the baseline model, the net reclassification index (NRI) was significantly elevated, while the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) showed a slight improvement (all P&amp;lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated TyG index is independently linked to higher risks of severe phenotype and short-term poor prognosis in GBS patients. Combined with conventional clinical indicators, TyG index may help predict severe cases and adverse short-term prognosis in GBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1813152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:33:21Z","timestamp":1780896801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of the triglyceride-glucose index with the severity and short-term prognosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zikai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wencan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin gao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Laboratory of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Laboratory Diagnosis Platform for Nervous System Infectious Diseases, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Screening and Translational Research in Neurological Diseases","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16365","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"31","author":"Bellanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038890","article-title":"Clinical presentation and symptomatology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a literature review","volume":"103","author":"Elendu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Baltimore"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65265-0","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the clinical profile and factors associated with mortality and poor hospital outcomes in adult Guillain-Barre syndrome patients","volume":"14","author":"Tewedaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9","article-title":"The association between triglyceride-glucose index and its combination with obesity indicators and cardiovascular disease: NHANES 2003-2018","volume":"23","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.22-63","article-title":"Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index: a surrogate biomarker of insulin resistance","volume":"72","author":"Ramdas Nayak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02354-4","article-title":"Association of triglyceride glucose-related parameters with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in NAFLD patients: NHANES 1999-2018","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02030-z","article-title":"The triglyceride-glucose index is a predictor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in CVD patients with diabetes or pre-diabetes: evidence from NHANES 2001-2018","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02396-8","article-title":"The additive effect of the triglyceride-glucose index and estimated glucose disposal rate on long-term mortality among individuals with and without diabetes: a population-based study","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02352-6","article-title":"Association between the triglyceride glucose-body mass index and future cardiovascular disease risk in a population with Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic syndrome stage 0-3: a nationwide prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02244-9","article-title":"Joint association of TyG index and high sensitivity C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease: a national cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02343-7","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose related indices and mortality among individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03876-1","article-title":"The association between modified cardiometabolic index with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.03.026","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose index and chronic kidney disease: a cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02642-7","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose related indices and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among the population with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 0-3: a cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.06.004","article-title":"Tributyltin and high-refined carbohydrate diet lead to metabolic and reproductive abnormalities, exacerbating premature ovary failure features in the female rats","volume":"103","author":"Zanol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.08.026","article-title":"Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index: a promising biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of different diseases","volume":"131","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1620118","article-title":"A high triglyceride-glucose index correlates with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02540-7","article-title":"Associations of modified triglyceride-glucose indices and the triglyceride\/high-density lipoprotein ratio with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the general population: an analysis of the UK biobank database","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2025-023653","article-title":"Outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients with insulin resistance","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04420-0","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index as a valuable predictor for aged 65-years and above in critical delirium patients: evidence from a multi-center study","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12594","article-title":"European Academy of Neurology\/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"28","author":"van Doorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(78)92644-2","article-title":"Controlled trial prednisolone in acute polyneuropathy","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70130-8","article-title":"A clinical prognostic scoring system for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"6","author":"van Koningsveld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2061","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"374","author":"Skivington","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04961-y","article-title":"Association between T2DM, TyG index, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis: insights into potential mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01971-9","article-title":"Association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and the risk of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with heart failure: analysis of the MIMIC-IV database","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02209-y","article-title":"Associations of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index with chest pain incidence and mortality among the U.S. population","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02252-4","article-title":"Predictive value of the triglyceride-glucose index for short- and long-term all-cause mortality in patients with critical coronary artery disease: a cohort study from the MIMIC-IV database","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1545478","article-title":"Nonlinear association between triglyceride-glucose index and 28-day mortality in intensive care units: a multi-center retrospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol Lausanne"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1416530","article-title":"Triglyceride-glucose index as a potential predictor of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease complicated with depression","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol Lausanne"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.4480","article-title":"Association of albumin levels with outcome in intravenous immunoglobulin-treated Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Fokkink","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1303243","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of a prognostic prediction model based on the mEGOS score for patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20160132","article-title":"Analysis of the albumin level, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9669431","article-title":"Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"32","author":"Bologa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-6386(00)70200-9","article-title":"C-Reactive protein predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Yeun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S162896","article-title":"Effect of serum inflammatory markers on the prognosis of adult and pediatric patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Ethemoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_741_23","article-title":"Assessment of serum inflammatory markers and their correlation with clinical severity and electrophysiological subtypes of Guillain Barre syndrome, and investigating their use as prognostic markers of Guillain Barre syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Paneyala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182104407","article-title":"Early recognition of poor prognosis in Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Walgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70257","article-title":"Predictors of the short-term outcomes of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: exploring electrodiagnostic and clinical features","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1","article-title":"Guillain-barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"388","author":"Willison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1813152\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:33:22Z","timestamp":1780896802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1813152\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1813152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1813152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"article-number":"1813152"}}