{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T05:15:03Z","timestamp":1783401303553,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic diseases exhibit considerable sex-based variations, with greater incidence of allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and chronic urticaria among adult females. This female dominance may be explained by differences in inflammatory signaling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used primary mouse mast cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils as well as two mouse models of IL-33-induced inflammation to measure male and female responses to IL-33.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We show that the allergy-associated cytokine IL-33 elicits stronger responses from female mast cells and neutrophils compared to males, both\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The greater female response was not due to increased expression or sensitivity of the IL-33 receptor in female cells. Instead, we noted female-selective activation of the JNK pathway in response to IL-33. Male and female mast cells both required the ERK, p38, NF-kB, and AP-1 pathways to produce inflammatory cytokines in response to IL-33. However, inhibiting the JNK pathway selectively reduced IL-33-mediated cytokine production in female mast cells. A mast cell-dependent model of IL-33-induced peritonitis showed that gonadectomy ablated sexual dimorphism in the neutrophil influx response. However, plasma IL-13 levels remained higher in females even among mice lacking sex organs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data show that IL-33 induces female-dominant mast cell and neutrophil responses, partly via female-selective JNK signaling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1813530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:23:31Z","timestamp":1783398211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IL-33 induces stronger responses in female mast cells and neutrophils: a role for the JNK pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sydney Ann","family":"Kee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Sustainability, Virginia Commonwealth University","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania D.","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Sustainability, Virginia Commonwealth University","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Sustainability, Virginia Commonwealth University","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakaria 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