{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:08:00Z","timestamp":1779084480544,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI159073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI159073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 induces an immune response that is protective against severe disease in healthy populations. However, humoral and cellular immune responses in individuals with immune-mediated diseases receiving immunosuppressive medications are not well understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a single-center, prospective observational cohort study of pediatric and adult patients with vasculitis, glomerular disease, or other immune-mediated diseases. Antibody response assessed by viral neutralization and, in a subset, cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were assessed before and at time points following initial and booster vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between March 2021 and June 2022, 80 individuals with immune-mediated diseases and 12 healthy controls were enrolled and followed for a median of 11.97 months (IQR 7.64, 14.05). Following vaccination, the median percent angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) neutralization at V1 (1\u20133 months post vaccination) for patients in the immune-mediated disease cohort and healthy controls were 46.9% (IQR 0.65, 95.6) and 95.9% (IQR 94.6, 96.5), respectively. Of 26 individuals with anti-CD20 therapy exposure or laboratory evidence of B cell depletion at time of vaccination, only 11.9% had protective neutralization titers at V1. After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, race, vaccine type, and number of comorbidities, anti-CD20 exposure at time of initial vaccination remained significantly associated with a lower odds of ACE2 neutralization \u226530% at V1. The median T-ELISpot counts (RBD) at V1 for patients with immune-mediated diseases and healthy controls were comparable (16 [IQR 12, 37] and 16 [IQR 4.5, 23], respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 during treatment with anti-CD20 antibody therapy was associated with impaired humoral immunity, but T cell responses were qualitatively preserved despite immunosuppressant exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1813924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:44:28Z","timestamp":1779083068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Humoral and cell mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with immune-mediated diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dorey A.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan E.","family":"Free","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lakshmanane","family":"Premkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara 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North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Orzechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eveline Y.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna O.","family":"Bunch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","place":["Chapel Hill, NC, United 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